英語動(dòng)詞的分類及基本形式分析
動(dòng)詞是英語中相見的詞，也是學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)中的重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)的對(duì)象，下面學(xué)習(xí)啦的小編將為大家?guī)砀咧杏⒄Z的動(dòng)詞的形式和種類的介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家。
英語動(dòng)詞的分類及基本形式
動(dòng)詞的分類
表示動(dòng)作中狀態(tài)的詞叫做動(dòng)詞。根據(jù)其在句中的功能，動(dòng)詞可分為行為動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞四類，有些動(dòng)詞是兼類詞。如：
We have lunch at 12. 我們12點(diǎn)吃午飯。(have是行為動(dòng)詞)
We have been to New York. 我們?nèi)ミ^紐約。(have是助動(dòng)詞)
W I am hungry. 我餓了。(am是連系動(dòng)詞)
She was beaten on the way home. 她在回家的路上被人打了。(was是助動(dòng)詞)
You neednt have waited for me. 你本來不必等我。(need是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
The door needs painting. 這個(gè)門需要油漆了。(needs及物動(dòng)詞)
動(dòng)詞的基本形式
絕大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都有五種基本形式：動(dòng)詞原形、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)、過去式、過去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞。
A. 第三人稱單數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞后要加s或es，其變化規(guī)則與名詞變復(fù)數(shù)的方法大體相同：
1. 一般情況下只在動(dòng)詞后加s，如work—works, write—writes。
2. 以s, x, sh, ch結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，后加es，如guess—guesses, mix—mix, finish—finishes, catch—catches。
3. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，改y為ies，如study—studies。
注：不規(guī)則變化的有have—has, be—is, go—goes, do—does等。
B. 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成
1. 一般情況下在動(dòng)詞后加ing，如study—studying, work—working。
2. 以不發(fā)音的字母e結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先去掉e再加ing，如write—writing, move—moving。
3. 以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音結(jié)尾的重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，要雙寫末尾一個(gè)輔音字母，再加ing，如get—getting, begin—beginning。
4. 以ie結(jié)尾的名詞，一般將ie改為y，再加ing，如lie—lying, die—dying, tie—tying。
注：(A) 以l結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，尾音節(jié)重讀時(shí)，雙寫l，如control—controlling;尾音節(jié)不重讀時(shí)，雙不雙寫都可以，如travel—traveling(美) /travelling(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicking。
C. 過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成
1. 一般情況直接加ed，如ask—asked, work—worked。
2. 以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，只加d，如love—loved, dance—danced。
3. 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾，把y變?yōu)閕ed，如try—tried, study—studied。
4. 以一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音結(jié)尾的重讀音節(jié)結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，先雙末尾一個(gè)字母，再加ed，如stop—stopped, permit—permitted。
注：(A) 以l結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，尾音節(jié)重讀時(shí)，雙寫l，如control—controlled;尾音節(jié)不重讀時(shí)，雙不雙寫都可以，如travel—traveled(美) /traveled(英) 。(B) 特例：picnic—picnicked。另外，還有很多動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞是不合乎上述規(guī)則的，需要熟記。
知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)
| 類 別 | 意 義 | 例 句 |
| 實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 | 含有實(shí)在的意義,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),在句子中能獨(dú)立作謂語。 |
She has some bananas.
They eat a lot of potatoes. |
| 連系動(dòng)詞 | 本身有一定的詞義,但不能獨(dú)立作謂語,必須和表語一起構(gòu)成謂語。 |
His father is a teacher.
Twins usually look the same. The teacher became very angry. |
| 助動(dòng)詞 | 本身沒有詞義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,用來表示否定、疑問、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)或其它語法形式,助動(dòng)詞自身有人稱、單復(fù)數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 |
He doesn’t speak English.
We are playing basketball. Do you have a brother? |
| 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 | 本身有一定的意義,不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語動(dòng)詞,表示說話人的語氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱和單復(fù)數(shù)的變化,有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有過去式。 |
You can keep the books for two weeks.
May I smoke here? We must go now. |
重要注解：
(1) 關(guān)于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞：
?、?英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞兩大類：
后面必須跟賓語意義才完整的叫及物動(dòng)詞;本身意義完整,后面不需跟賓語的叫不及物動(dòng)詞。
?、?有些動(dòng)詞通常只作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：go, come, happen, lie, listen, rise, arrive等。
有些動(dòng)詞通常用作及物動(dòng)詞。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
?、?大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞可以兼作及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。如：study, sing等。
?、?有些動(dòng)詞作及物動(dòng)詞與作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)的意義有所不同。如：know, wash等。
?、?有些動(dòng)詞常和介詞、副詞或其它詞類一起構(gòu)成固定詞組,形成短語動(dòng)詞。如：listen, reply, wait, look.
(2) 關(guān)于連系動(dòng)詞：
?、龠B系動(dòng)詞用來連接主語和表語,連系動(dòng)詞后面常為形容詞。
?、诔Ｒ姷倪B系動(dòng)詞有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
?、塾行┻B系動(dòng)詞來源于實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,意思也跟著變化：look(看→看起來)、feel(感覺、摸→感到)、 smell(聞、嗅→聞起來)、taste(嘗→嘗起來)、turn(翻轉(zhuǎn)、轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)→變得)、grow(生長(zhǎng)→變得)、get(得到、到達(dá)→變得)、go(去→變得),所不同的是,作為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面不能跟形容詞。
(3) 關(guān)于助動(dòng)詞：
?、俪Ｒ姷闹鷦?dòng)詞有：
用于進(jìn)行時(shí)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;
用于完成時(shí)的have(has, had, having) ;
用于將來時(shí)的shall (should) ; will (would)
用于一般時(shí)的do(does, did) .
?、谥鷦?dòng)詞必須同主語的人稱和數(shù)一致,也就是說因主語人稱、數(shù)的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助動(dòng)詞也可作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。如：shall, will, should, would.
(4) 關(guān)于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：
2、動(dòng)詞詞形變化一覽表：
(1)規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：
|
規(guī) 則變 化 |
原形動(dòng)詞結(jié)尾情況 | 現(xiàn)在時(shí)單三人稱 | 現(xiàn)在分詞/動(dòng)名詞 | 過去式和過去分詞 |
| 一般情況 | +s | +ing | +ed | |
| s,x,ch,sh,o結(jié)尾 | +es | +ing | +ed | |
| 輔音字母+y結(jié)尾 | y→i,+es | +ing | y→i,+ed | |
| 重讀閉音節(jié)一元一輔結(jié)尾 | +s | 雙寫輔音字母,+ing | 雙寫輔音字母,+ed | |
| 不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾 | +s | 去掉e,+ing | +d | |
| ie結(jié)尾 | +s | ie→y,+ing | +d | |
|
不規(guī)則變化 |
have→has；be→is | (無) | (見不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表) | |
(2)不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞變化表：( 原形 → 過去式 → 過去分詞)
| be(am,is) | was | been |
lose |
lost | lost | |||
| be(are) | were | been |
make |
made | made | |||
| beat | beat | beaten |
may |
might | ||||
| become | became | become |
mean |
meant | meant | |||
| begin | began | begun |
meet |
met | met | |||
| blow | blew | blown |
mistake |
mistook | mistaken | |||
| break | broke | broken |
must |
must | ||||
| bring | brought | brought |
pay |
paid | paid | |||
| build | built | built |
put |
put | put | |||
| buy | bought | bought |
read |
read | Read | |||
| can | could |
ride |
rode | ridden | ||||
| catch | caught | caught |
ring |
rang | rung | |||
| choose | chose | chosen |
rise |
rose | risen | |||
| come | came | come |
run |
ran | run | |||
| cost | cost | cost |
say |
said | said | |||
| cut | cut | cut |
see |
saw | seen | |||
| dig | dug | dug |
sell |
sold | sold | |||
| do | did | done |
send |
sent | sent | |||
| draw | drew | drawn |
set |
set | set | |||
| drink | drank | drunk |
shall |
should | ||||
| drive | drove | driven | shine |
shone |
shone | |||
| eat | ate | eaten | show |
showed |
shown | |||
| fall | fell | fallen | shut |
shut |
shut | |||
| feel | felt | felt | sing |
sang |
sung | |||
| find | found | found | sink |
sank/sunk |
sunk/sunken | |||
| fly | flew | flown | sit |
set |
set | |||
| forget | forgot | forgot/forgotten | sleep |
slept |
slept | |||
| freeze | froze | frozen | smell |
smelt |
smelt | |||
| get | got | got | speak |
spoke |
spoken | |||
| give | gave | given | spend |
spent |
spent | |||
| go | went | gone | spill |
spilt |
spilt | |||
| grow | grew | grown | spoil |
spoilt |
spoilt | |||
| hang | hung/hanged | hung/hanged | stand |
stood |
stood | |||
| have(has) | had | had | sweep |
swept |
swept | |||
| hear | heard | heard | swim |
swam |
swum | |||
| hide | hid | hidden | take |
took |
taken | |||
| hit | hit | hit | teach |
taught |
taught | |||
| hold | held | held | tell |
told |
told | |||
| hurt | hurt | hurt | think |
thought |
thought | |||
| keep | kept | kept | throw |
threw |
thrown | |||
| know | knew | known | understand |
understood |
understood | |||
| lay | laid | laid | wake |
woke/waked |
woken/waked | |||
| learn | learnt/learned | learnt/learned | wear |
wore |
worn | |||
| leave | left | left | will |
would |
||||
| lend | lent | lent | win |
won |
won | |||
| let | let | let | write |
wrote |
witten | |||
| lie | lay | lain |
|
|||||
3、be(“是/存在”)動(dòng)詞的各種時(shí)態(tài)變化：
| 一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí) | 一 般 將 來 時(shí) | 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí) |
|
I am….
You are.… He/She/It is…. We/You/They are…. |
(I等各人稱) will be….
I am He/She/It is going to be… We/You/They are |
I have been….
You have been…. She/he/It has been…. We/You/They have been…. |
| 一 般 過 去 時(shí) | 過 去 將 來 時(shí) | 過 去 完 成 時(shí) |
|
I was….
You were.… He/She/It was…. We/You/They were…. |
(I等各人稱) would be….
I was He/She/It was going to be… We/You/They were |
I had been….
You had been…. She/he/It had been…. We/You/They had been…. |
注意：句型變化時(shí),
否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以縮寫為n’t (am后面not不可以縮寫);
疑問句將am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。
4、其它謂語動(dòng)詞(主動(dòng)語態(tài))的時(shí)態(tài)變化一覽表：
| 現(xiàn)在 時(shí)態(tài) | 一 般 現(xiàn) 在 時(shí) | 現(xiàn) 在 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) | 一 般 將 來 時(shí) | 現(xiàn) 在 完 成 時(shí) |
| 謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成 |
動(dòng)詞用原形(單三加s / es)
(問句和否定句借用助詞do / does) |
am
is+動(dòng)詞-ing are |
will + 動(dòng)詞原形
am is +going to+動(dòng)詞原形 are |
have +過去分詞
has |
| 過去時(shí)態(tài) | 一 般 過 去 時(shí) | 過 去 進(jìn) 行 時(shí) | 過 去 將 來 時(shí) | 過 去 完 成 時(shí) |
| 謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成 |
動(dòng)詞用過去式
(問句和否定句借用助詞did) |
was
+動(dòng)詞-ing were |
would + 動(dòng)詞原形
was+going to+動(dòng)詞原形 were |
had +過去分詞 |
注：動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式及用法見非謂語動(dòng)詞專項(xiàng)講解。
誤區(qū)提醒
動(dòng)詞的種類和形式要結(jié)合動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)等來學(xué)習(xí)，掌握好動(dòng)詞的分類和形式，是學(xué)好時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)的基礎(chǔ)，撇開動(dòng)詞分類及基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)去學(xué)其他內(nèi)容，是舍本求末的做法，只有基礎(chǔ)扎實(shí)了，才能高屋建瓴，徹底弄清楚跟動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的其他內(nèi)容，打贏英語學(xué)習(xí)當(dāng)中的攻堅(jiān)戰(zhàn)!
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英語動(dòng)詞的分類及基本形式分析
