閱讀理解生詞太多怎么破?定語從句知識點(diǎn)熟透了嗎
閱讀理解生詞太多怎么破?定語從句知識點(diǎn)熟透了嗎
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高考英語:定語從句專項(xiàng)知識點(diǎn)
一、選準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞
在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞都代替先行詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分,如果該從句中缺少主語、表語、賓語或定語,就要用關(guān)系代詞來連接從句;如果從句中缺少狀語,就得用關(guān)系副詞來連接從句。例如:
(1) I still remember the days which / that we spent together.
(2) I still remember the days when we worked together.
二、了解僅用that 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句的幾種情況
that 在限制性定語從句中既可指人又可指事或物。在下列情況下,只能用that 來引導(dǎo)定語從句:
1. 先行詞是all , much, few, little, everything, anything, nothing 等不定代詞時(shí)。例如:
Is there anything that you want to buy?
2. 先行詞被all, few, little, much, every, some, no等詞修飾或被the only, the very, the same, the last 等限定詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
These are all the pictures that I have seen.
This is the very dictionary that is of great help.
3. 先行詞既指人又指物時(shí)。例如:
My father and his teacher talked a lot about the things and the persons that they could remember.
4. 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作表語時(shí)。例如:
Our school is not the one that it used to be.
5. 先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
This is the best English film that I have ever seen.
The first English novel that I read was A Tale of Two Cities.
6. 主句是who 或which 引導(dǎo)的特殊問句時(shí)。例如:
Who is the girl that is standing under the tree?
Which is the machine that we used last Sunday?
三、把握“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中介詞的選用
介詞的選擇與主句中先行詞的搭配密切相關(guān)。例如:
That's the reason for which he was late for school.
This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan.
注意:
1. 定語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語時(shí),介詞應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞之后,不能拆開放在關(guān)系代詞前。例如:
This is the key which you are looking for.
This is the baby whom you will look after.
2. 該結(jié)構(gòu)中,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom,指物時(shí)用which.
四、弄清as 和which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句指代整體時(shí)的區(qū)別
1. 位置上的區(qū)別:as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句的位置比較靈活,可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后,還可插在主句的中間;而which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句只能放在主句之后。例如:
As is known to us all, the earth turns around the sun.
The earth, as is known to us all, turns around the sun.
The earth turns around the sun, as is known to us all.
The earth turns around the sun, which our parents once told us when we were very young.
2. 詞義與聯(lián)系上的區(qū)別:as 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間有著較為密切的上下文聯(lián)系,as 本身含有“正如”之意;而which 引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句與主句之間在邏輯意義上近似并列句,which 本身表示“這”或“這一點(diǎn)”之意。例如:
Light travels faster than sound, as we all know.
Jack came late for school, which made his teacher angry.
五、注意定語從句的主謂一致性
關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí),從句的謂語必須與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
Tom is the only one of the boys who is from the USA.
六、保持主句的完整性并避免從句成分的重疊
1. 在定語從句中,不管出現(xiàn)任何情況,主句的結(jié)構(gòu)必須完整,即主句必須有主語和謂語,缺一不可,否則,整個(gè)主從復(fù)合句就無法成立。試比較:
(1)Is this factory _______ we visited last week?
(2)Is this the factory _______ we visited last week?
A. which B. where C. what D. the one
分析:
第一題缺少表語,只有填D項(xiàng)才能保持主句的完整性,而其他的選項(xiàng)均為干擾項(xiàng)。
第二題主句本身完整,應(yīng)填的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作visited 的賓語,故應(yīng)選A項(xiàng)。
2. 從定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞已經(jīng)代替先行詞獨(dú)立地或與相應(yīng)的介詞一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)了一定的成分,因此在定語從句中就不能再出現(xiàn)與關(guān)系代(副)詞重疊的成分。例如:
錯(cuò)句:Is this the train that they took it last Sunday?
分析:該題中that 已經(jīng)代替先行詞the train 在定語從句中充當(dāng)及物動(dòng)詞took 的賓語,故重疊出現(xiàn)的賓語it必須刪去。
總之,突破了以上六道難關(guān),定語從句中的難題便會迎刃而解。
閱讀理解生詞太多怎么破?七招制敵
在閱讀理解中,考生遇到的最大障礙往往有兩個(gè):一是被已認(rèn)識的單詞的某一熟知含義所誤導(dǎo);二是被完全不認(rèn)識的單詞的意思所阻礙,從而出現(xiàn)理解偏差或理解困難,影響閱讀的速度。
其實(shí)解決這兩個(gè)困難的一個(gè)重要法寶是考生在心目中樹立起上下文觀念,用上下文去確定詞匯的含義。同學(xué)們在閱讀解題時(shí)要注意從以下七個(gè)方面著手:
1根據(jù)定義或解釋、說明猜測生詞的詞義
在有be,call等判斷詞出現(xiàn)的句子中,可以根據(jù)已知部分,猜測生詞的含義。例如:
A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter。
通過理解定語從句的意思,能猜出carpenter是“木匠”的意思。
2根據(jù)對比關(guān)系猜測生詞的詞義
在有but,however,yet,otherwise,though這些表示意義轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞出現(xiàn)的句子中,其前后的詞有明顯的對比關(guān)系,根據(jù)已知的內(nèi)容,通過這種對比關(guān)系,就很容易猜出生詞的詞義了。例如:
Though Tom‘s face has been washed quite clean,his neck still remains grubby。
和clean意思相對的便是“骯臟的”了,因此可猜出句中g(shù)rubby的意思是“骯臟的”。
3通過因果關(guān)系猜測詞義
because,since與as是連接原因狀語從句的從屬連詞,so是連接結(jié)果狀語從句的連詞,so...that...與such...that...中的that是連接結(jié)果狀語從句的。當(dāng)這些信息詞出現(xiàn)在有生詞的句子中,通過因果關(guān)系,依據(jù)已知部分就能猜出生詞的詞義。例如:
She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long。
根據(jù)because從句所講的意思,我們就可推測trim就是“修剪”之意。
4根據(jù)生活常識猜測詞義
運(yùn)用邏輯推理能力,自身的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)及生活常識。再聯(lián)系上下文能讀懂的部分,可以正確猜出詞義。例如:
Most of the roses are beginning to wither because of the cold。
根據(jù)句子意思及生活經(jīng)驗(yàn),wither是“枯萎”的意思。
5根據(jù)同等關(guān)系猜測詞義
同等關(guān)系,指的是一個(gè)詞,一組詞或短語在句中作同一成分,而且它們的詞義都屬于同一范疇。明顯的標(biāo)志是,這樣的詞組或短語中間常常用并列連詞and或or來連接。例如:
At forty-two he was in his prime and always full of energy。
從“年齡42歲”以及與prime具有同等關(guān)系的full of energy可以猜出prime的意思是“盛年時(shí)期”。
6根據(jù)列舉的事例猜測詞義
You can take any of the periodicals:“The World of English”。“Foreign Language Teaching in Schools”,or“English Learning”。
從后面列舉的例子中,可以猜出periodical是“期刊,雜志”的意思。
7根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識猜測詞義
根據(jù)學(xué)過的構(gòu)詞法知識,知道詞根和前綴或后綴的意義,就可猜出由它們組成的新詞詞義。例如:
The colors of Hawaii in Summer are unforgettable。
forget 的意思是“忘記”,后綴"-able"表示“能夠”,前綴“un”表示否定,所以“unforgettable”意思就是“無法忘記的”或“難忘的”。