高中英語的關(guān)于語法的題型的答題技巧的介紹
高中英語的關(guān)于語法的題型的答題技巧的介紹
高中的英語有很多的地方都會考查到語法，下面學(xué)習(xí)啦的小編將為大家?guī)砀咧杏⒄Z關(guān)于語法的圖形的答題的技巧介紹，希望能夠幫助到大家。
高中英語的關(guān)于語法的題型的答題技巧
一、 非謂語動詞
語法測試中非謂語動詞約占31.1%，平均每年近5道題，可謂是語法項目考查的重點(diǎn)，那么非謂語動詞的考查都有哪些特點(diǎn)，解答時又應(yīng)注意些什么呢? 1、非謂語動詞考查特點(diǎn)
1) 謂語動詞與非謂語動詞的判斷
對謂語動詞與非謂語動詞區(qū)別的考查主要集中在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，如：
All things ___ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.(1999.1)
A. had been canceled B. have been canceled
C. were canceled D. having been canceled
四個選項中有三個是謂語動詞，只有D是非謂語動詞，只要同學(xué)們能判斷出這里是非謂語動詞做狀語，則不用考慮時態(tài)的問題，答案自明。
2) 謂語動詞后不定式與動名詞的選擇
謂語動詞后接不定式還是接動名詞也是四級語法測試中的一個題眼。如：
① I don't mind ____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
(2000.1)
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. your delaying to make D. you delay to make
?、?Had I remembered ____ the windows, the thief would not have
got in.(1996.1)
A. to close B. closing
C. to have closed D. having closed
③ Your hair wants ______ . You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut(1997.6)
這類題涉及三個方面：
謂語動詞后應(yīng)該接不定式還是動名詞?
即可接不定式又可接動名詞時，結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上有何差別?
不定式與動名詞用主動形式還是用被動形式?
3) 做定語的非謂語動詞的選擇
從近幾年的考查情況來看，對做定語的非謂語動詞的考查有兩種情況：
(1)對一般概念的考查，而不是固定結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動詞做定語。如：
?、?The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.(1999.6)
A. accomplished B. being accomplished
C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② If I correct someone, I will do it with so much good humor
and self-restraint as if I were the one ______.(1996.6)
A. to correct B. correcting
C. having been corrected D. being corrected
同學(xué)們只要掌握非謂語動詞做定語的一般的規(guī)律,就可以判斷①題答案為C，②題答案為D。
(2)對固定結(jié)構(gòu)的考查，如：
① The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds _____ his
arguments in favor of the new theory.(2000.6)
A. to be based on B. to base on
C. which to base on D. on which to base
?、?The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it
also puts them under a constant emotional strain.
A. to compete B. competing
C. to be competed D. having competed
①題為不定式做定語的固定形式，答案為D，②題為某些特定名詞的定語結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為A。在英語中有些名詞，如動詞變來的名詞，形容詞變來的名詞，以及means, way, time, moment, reason等要求其后用不定式做定語，不定式?jīng)]有體的變化。
4) 做狀語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做狀語的非謂語動詞主要考查其各種形式的選擇，如：
?、?______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.(1996.6)
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being Believed
?、?_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.(1995.1)
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
③ Realizing that he hadn't enough money and ____ to borrow from his father, he decided to sell his watch.(1995.1)
A. not wanted B. no to want C. not wanting D. wanting not
?、?___ it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.(1997.1)
A. Believe B. To believe C. Believing D. Believed
從以上各題來看，考查的側(cè)重點(diǎn)有：
(1)狀語類別的判斷
不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，目的狀語要求用不定式，如②。
(2)非謂語動詞與句子屬于之間的邏輯關(guān)系
根據(jù)主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系的不同來確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞。
(3)非謂語動詞的否定形式
not否定非謂語動詞時置于非謂語動詞之前，如③。
(4) 獨(dú)立成分
有些非謂語動詞的使用不受與句子主語關(guān)系的限制，稱為獨(dú)立成分，這類成 分只記憶即可。如:
generally speaking, judging from..., to tell the truth..., 等。
5) 做補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞的選擇
做賓語補(bǔ)足語的非謂語動詞受謂語動詞的限制，不同動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語形式要求不同。近幾年對各類賓補(bǔ)都有考查。如：
?、?They are going to have the service man ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow.(1998.1)
A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed
② After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory
dispute ______.(1998.6)
A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled
?、?You will see this product ____ wherever you go.(2000.6)
A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising
?、?His remarks left me _____ about his real purpose.(1999.6)
A. wondered B. wonder C. to wonder D. wondering
⑤ When I caught him ______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.(1997.1)
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
?、?The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the
audience _____ on benches, chairs or boxes.(2000.1)
A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated
考查涉及到感官動詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語，如③。
have, make, let, leave等特殊單詞后的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
regard類后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語
with獨(dú)立分句后面的
常用動詞后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語。
6) 做表語的非謂語動詞的選擇
表語的考查多側(cè)重于分詞做表語形式的選擇，很少有動名詞的用法的考查，雖然選項中有不定式作為干擾項，只要能看出是做表語的也就不用考慮。如：
?、?The house was very quiet, ____ as it was on the side of the
mountain.(1999.6)
A. isolated B. isolating C. being isolated D. having been isolated
② These surveys indicate that many crimes go _____ by the police,mainly because not all victims report them.(2000.6)
A. unrecorded B. to be unrecorded C. unrecording D. to have been unrecorded
分詞做表語可以做系動詞be的表語，也可以做其它系動詞的表語，如go, feel,seem, look, remain等等。這些系動詞后非謂語動詞的餓用法規(guī)則是相同的。
7) to作為介詞與作為不定式符號的選擇
to可以是介詞，也可以用來引導(dǎo)不定式，四級考試中對種類用法的考查也比較多。如：
① I have no objection _______ your story again.(2000.6)
A. to hear B. to hearing C. to having heard D. to have heard
?、?The traditional approach ____ with complex problems is to break down into smaller, more easily managed problems.(1996.6)
A. to dealing B. in dealing C. dealing D. to deal
③ The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager
of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
這類考題的考查方式有兩種，一是四個選項中有兩個相對的選項to do something 和 to doing something，這時考查的自然是to的性質(zhì);另一種是to在題干中，如③。
8) 分詞前連詞的使用
分詞前連詞的使用是為了使分詞的作用更加明了，使考生更加準(zhǔn)確地理解試題。考查有兩種情況
(1)根據(jù)連詞選擇適當(dāng)?shù)姆衷~形式
Michael used to look hurt and surprised when ______.(1995.1)
A. scolding B. to scold C. having scolded D. scolded
when的使用說明非謂語動詞做時間狀語，答案不可能是B，從scold與句子主語間的邏輯關(guān)系來看，應(yīng)該是動賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是D。
(2)根據(jù)狀語的功能選擇不同的連詞
Careful surveys have indicated that as many as 50 percent of
patient do not take drugs ___ directed.(1996.1)
A. like B. so C. which D. as
由上下文的意思可以看出，分詞所做的是方式狀語，連詞應(yīng)該是as。
9) 非謂語動詞的體
非謂語動詞中分詞的體有完成體和進(jìn)行體，即having done, having been done和being done，完成體只用于做狀語的場合，而進(jìn)行體可以用于做定語和做補(bǔ)足語。
動名詞的體也有having done, having been done和 being done的結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于做主語和賓語的場合。
不定式的體有to be doing 和to have done，主要用于pretend, happen, seem, appear, be said to等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：
?、?The man in the corner confessed to _____ a lie to the manager of the company.(1997.6)
A. have told B. be told C. being told D. having told
having told在句中做介詞賓語，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。
?、?I'd rather read than watch television; the programs seem ____ all the time.(1997.1)
A. to get worse B. to be getting worse C. to have got worse D. getting worse
從all the time的使用可以推斷get worse是一個漸變過程，所以用不定式的進(jìn)行體。
?、?The speech _____ a lively discussion started.(1995.1)
A. being delivered B. was delivered C. be delivered D. having been delivered
該結(jié)構(gòu)屬于獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)做時間狀語，狀語分詞所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，所以應(yīng)該用完成體，答案為D。
10)動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)
動名詞符合結(jié)構(gòu)可以做主語、賓語和表語，在對動名詞的考查中總是將其邏輯主語包括進(jìn)來，形成動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：
?、?_____ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents
wished for.(1999.1)
A. The girl was educated B. The girl educated
C. The girl's being educated D. The girl to be educated
本題涉及題眼比較多，A，為從句做主語，但缺少that，D為不定式做主語，但缺少for(for the girl to be educated)，B結(jié)構(gòu)不能做主語，答案是C，為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
② Ann never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A. there being a chance B. there to be a chance
C. there be a chance D. being a chance
介詞后用動名詞，表示存在時必須用there be句型，所以答案為A，這也是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，there為動名詞的邏輯主語。
?、?I don't mind _____ the decision as long as it is not too late.
A. you to delay making B. your delaying making
C. you delaying to make D. you delay to make (2000.1)
Mind要求接動名詞,動名詞的邏輯主語用形容詞性物主代詞，答案自然是B。
?、?I would appreciate _____ it a secret.(1995.6)
A. your keeping B. you to keep C. that you keep D. that you will keep
本題與上一題類似，答案是A。
2.非謂語動詞解題策略
1)正確判斷非謂語動詞
這類題一般出現(xiàn)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果在選項與句子之間沒有連詞，則說明，所選為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，既名詞或主格代詞 + 分詞。
All things ______, the planned trip will have to be called off.
A. considered B. be considered C. considering D. having considered (1998.6)
句子沒有連詞，說明所選結(jié)構(gòu)不屬于從句，那么就是獨(dú)立主格做狀語，根據(jù)動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系為動賓關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)該是A。
____, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.(1997.6)
A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things D. Other things to be equal
做狀語的可以是從句，但B的結(jié)構(gòu)是虛擬條件，與這里不符，不表目的，C不對，不表將來，獨(dú)立主格中非謂語動詞不能是不定式，答案為A。
4) 判斷動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的方式
主語位置上，或動詞、介詞后的"名詞代詞 + 非謂語動詞"，如果表示的是一個事件則是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是"名詞 + 定語。請看以下各例：
He insisted on the windows _____ open while he was sleeping.
A. left B. being left C. leaving D . be left
insist on后不接從句，D可以排除。這里表達(dá)的是堅持要求"開著窗子睡覺"，所以應(yīng)該是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為B。
The road __________ caused us to be for our work for half an hour.
A. blocked B. was blocked C. blocking D. being blocked
做主語的表示上班遲到的原因，自然應(yīng)該是"交通堵塞"，而不是"被堵的道路"，所以還是動名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案為D。
The concerned mother thrilled at the news of his son _________ to college.
A. had been admitted B. admitted C. having been admitted D. having admitted
消息表達(dá)的應(yīng)該是個事件，說明不是"被錄取的孩子"，介詞of后不可能接從句，說明of后為動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，答案是C。
3) 注意分析非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系
正確判斷非謂語動詞與起邏輯主語之間的關(guān)系是正確選擇非謂語動詞形式的保證，不管是做什么成分的非謂語動詞都體現(xiàn)以下特點(diǎn)：
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，則用現(xiàn)在分詞;
如果非謂語動詞與邏輯主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，則用過去分詞;
如果表示將來，則用動詞不定式。
這是非謂語動詞運(yùn)用的基本原則，然后再根據(jù)其不同的作用，掌握其更細(xì)的規(guī)則。如：
(1)做定語時
做定語的可以是動名詞、分詞或不定式。動名詞做前置定語，所構(gòu)成的大多為固定短語，。主要考查分詞和不定式做定語。分詞或不定式做定語一般做后置定語。
?、?The project ____ by the end of 2000, will expand the city's
telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A. accomplished B. being accomplished C. to be accomplished D. having been accomplished
② Hard work ____ on time will lead to better grades.(1995.1)
A. done B. be done C. having done D. to have been done
?、?As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free, tax-supported schools must be established in every town _____ 50 households
or more.(1998.1)
A. having B. to have C. to have had D. having had
?、?Those _____ to the conference were mostly famous scientists.
A. invited B. were invited C. inviting D. to invite
做定語的非謂語動詞有一下幾種形式：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)":分詞與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,表示正在進(jìn)行,或狀態(tài)。如③
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動和正在進(jìn)行，如：No one is to enter the building being repaired.
"to be done結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示將來和被動，如①。
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與中心詞之間是動賓關(guān)系，表示被動、完成或一般，如②④。
"to do結(jié)構(gòu)"：不定式與中心詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示將來。如：The professor to give us a speech tomorrow is said to have compiled many scientific works.
完成形式不能做定語，包括分詞的完成形式和不定式的完成形式。
(2)做狀語
做狀語的可以是不定式，也可以是分詞。大體結(jié)構(gòu)有：
"doing 結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語為主謂關(guān)系，表示與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生，或基本上同時發(fā)生，或是同時存在的狀態(tài)。如：
______ the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.
A. Having believed B. Believing C. Believed D. Being believed
"done結(jié)構(gòu)"：只要分詞與句子主語間是動賓關(guān)系就可以用過去分詞，可以表示完成，可以表示正在進(jìn)行，也可以表示條件。如：
_______ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A. Too look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at (2000.1)
He came in, followed by a group of reporters.
"having done結(jié)構(gòu)"：分詞與句子主語是主謂關(guān)系，切發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。Having seen the film already, I declined his invitation to go to the cinema.
"having been done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示完成被動，即分詞與句子主語之間是動賓關(guān)系，且發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前。如：Having been showed many times, he still didn't understand the operation of the machine.
"to do 結(jié)構(gòu)"：這是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中可以做目的狀語，也可以做結(jié)果狀語，但不定式動作總是發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后。如：
_______ a teacher in a university, it is necessary to have at least a master's degree.
A. To become B. Become C. One becomes D. On becoming
表結(jié)果時一般為固定結(jié)構(gòu)，如too …to…, enough to….，或是表示出乎意料的結(jié)果，?？杉訕?gòu)成only to的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
I did what I could to comfort her only to make her cry even more. The next day, she woke to find herself in hospital.
"being done結(jié)構(gòu)"：該結(jié)構(gòu)表示被動與正在進(jìn)行，一般置于句首，表示原因。如：Being chased by some spies, he hid himself in the grass.
(2)做表語
測試中對表語的考查主要側(cè)重在現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別上，所以對于做表語的非謂語動詞，主要看分詞與句子主語之間的關(guān)系。做表語的分詞一般只有doing和done兩種形式?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示做表語的與主語是主謂關(guān)系;過去分詞表示做表語的與主語之間是動賓關(guān)系。根據(jù)使用規(guī)律，如果主語是無生命名詞，則表語分詞為現(xiàn)在分詞;如果主語是有生命名詞，以過去分詞居多，但也可以用現(xiàn)在分詞，但意思不同。如：
How disappointed he felt at the result of the election. (他感到失望)
How disappointing he is. He should have failed in such an election. (他令人失望)
可接表語的系動詞很多，除be外還有remain, feel, look, appear, seem, get, become, go。
(3)做補(bǔ)足語
一般做賓補(bǔ)的非謂語動詞動詞的形式選擇與其它成分中的非謂語動詞形式選擇規(guī)則基本相同。 doing結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成主謂關(guān)系，表正在進(jìn)行。
When I caught him ____ me I stopped buying things there and
started dealing with another shop.
A. cheating B. cheat C. to cheat D. to be cheating
done結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞與賓語構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系，表示被動與完成。
Don't get your schedule _____;stay with us in this class.(1996.1)
A. to change B. changing C. changed D. change
to do 結(jié)構(gòu)：不定式表示將來，如wish somebody to do, expect somebody to do, arrange for somebody to do等等。
being done結(jié)構(gòu)：表示被動和正在進(jìn)行, watch the flag being raised
Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe
until Columbus found it _____ in Cuba.(2000.1)
A. being cultivated B. been cultivated
C. having cultivated D. cultivating
to be done結(jié)構(gòu)：用語表示將來與被動，一般用語主謂關(guān)系時可用to做賓補(bǔ)的動詞后，如：want something to be done, order something to be done 完成形式不能做賓補(bǔ)。
4) 注意分析非謂語動詞做什么狀語
不同的狀語對非謂語動詞的要求不同，如表示目的只能是不定式，另外，測試中也常有選擇非謂語動詞前連詞的試題。因此，同學(xué)們應(yīng)注意根據(jù)狀語與句子間的關(guān)系，判斷連詞的使用。
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