人教版初三上英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)(2)
人教版初三上英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)3-4單元
Unit 3
一.知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞形式: be的各種時(shí)態(tài)形式+v-ed
含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的: can/may/must/should be + v-ed
2.get/have + n./pron. + v-ed 叫/讓/請別人做某事(即使謀事被做)
例: I want to get my coat mended. 我要縫衣服.
3.allow sb to do sth 允許某人做… allow doing sth 允許做…
4.drive : ① 駕車,駕駛. ② 驅(qū)趕,驅(qū)使.
例: What drives them to rob the shop? 什么驅(qū)使他們?nèi)屔痰?
5.stupid silly foolish 三個(gè)詞都有“蠢”的意思.但略有不同.stupid 程度最強(qiáng),指智力 理解力 學(xué)習(xí)能力差. silly 指頭腦簡單,傻頭傻腦,使人覺得可笑,帶有感情色彩. foolish 尤其在口語中廣泛使用.
例: He is stupid in learning math. 他學(xué)習(xí)數(shù)學(xué)很笨.
Stop asking such silly questions. 別再問這樣傻的問題了.
You are foolish to throw away such a good chance. 你真蠢,丟掉這樣一個(gè)好機(jī)會(huì).
6.He doesn’t seem to have many friends.=It seems that he doesn’t have many friends.
=He seems not to have many friends.
7.倒裝句: So + be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(前為肯定局) 表示與前面所述事實(shí)一致.
Neither/Nor + be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(前為否定) 表示與前面所述事實(shí)一致.
例: He likes oranges. So do we. He doesn’t like oranges. Neither do we.
Tom can swim. So can John. Tom can’t swim. Neither can John.
So +主語+ be動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 表示對(duì)前面事實(shí)的進(jìn)一步確認(rèn).
例: Henry is very tired. So he is.(的確是)
He surfed Internet for two hours. So he did.(的確是)
They will win the game. So they will.(他們會(huì)的)
8.until 用于肯定句中,前面句子中的謂動(dòng)必須是延續(xù)性的.
9.clean (v.) 打掃,清理 clean up 比較徹底地打掃,清理 clean out 打掃,清理地最徹底.
10.fail a test = fail in a test 考試不及格
11.be strict with+人. be strict in+事物.
例: The head teacher is strict with his students He is strict in the work.
12.the other day 前幾天,不久前的一天.(用于過去時(shí))
13.concentrate on… 全神貫注做…
例: This company concentrates on China market. 這家公司把重點(diǎn)放在中國市場上.
14. more…than…①與其說…不如說…; 比…更…
例: The man is more stupid than nervous.與其說那人緊張,倒不如說他愚蠢.
?、谠谶@一結(jié)構(gòu)中,more做adj. 修飾名詞,表示“比…多”
例:I have more books than you. 我的書比你的多.
15.volunteer ① n. 自愿者. ② v. volunteer to do sth. 自愿做…
例: We all volunteered to help in the old people’s home.我們都志愿到敬老院幫忙. 16.chance 指僥幸的,偶爾的機(jī)會(huì),還可表示“可能性”
opportunity 指有利的時(shí)機(jī),良機(jī). 二者有時(shí)可以互換.
Have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的機(jī)會(huì).
Don’t be too frustrated. You’ll have another opportunity to go to college next year. 別太沮喪了,你還有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會(huì).
17. experience : ①可數(shù)名詞 “經(jīng)歷,體驗(yàn)” 例: Please tell us something about your experiences.②不可數(shù)名詞 “經(jīng)驗(yàn)” 例: He is a man of rich experience.
?、蹌?dòng)詞“經(jīng)歷” 例: She experienced lots of suffering.
18. off 不工作,不上班,不上學(xué),不值班.
例: I think I’ll take the afternoon off. 我想下午歇班.
She is off today. 她今天休息.
I have three days off next week. 下周我有三天假.
19. reply 與 answer 兩者有時(shí)可通用. reply比answer正式,一般指經(jīng)過思考的.有針對(duì)性的,詳細(xì)的回答,往往與to連用.answer是一般用語,可直接帶賓語.
另外answer還有“應(yīng)答”之意.如answer the door/telephone
20. get in the way (of)... 妨礙...
例: He never gets in others’ way. 他從不妨礙別人.
The bikes over there will get in the way of others. 自行車放在那里會(huì)妨礙別人的.
21. success (n.) successful (adj.) succeed (v.)
22. do does did 用在另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞前表示強(qiáng)調(diào).
例: He does speak well. 他真的講的很好. Do be quiet. 務(wù)必安靜.
23. in the end = finally = at last 最后.
24. importance (n.) important (adj.)
25. be serious about 對(duì)…熱忠/極感興趣.
例: I’m serious about the problem.
To tell you the truth, I’m not serious about math at all.
26. only 處于句首,并后跟狀語時(shí),全句需要倒裝.
例: Only then did he understand it. 只有到那時(shí),他才明白.
Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有這樣我們才能把英語學(xué)好.
Only when she came home, did he learn the news. 當(dāng)她到家時(shí),他才得知了這消息.
27. care about 關(guān)心,在乎,在意.
例: No one cares about others nowadays. 現(xiàn)在沒人關(guān)心別人.
I don’t care about what he does. 我并不在意他干什么.
28. clothes 統(tǒng)指身上穿的各種服裝,包括上衣,褲子,內(nèi)衣等,做主語,謂語動(dòng)詞按復(fù)數(shù)處理.
clothing 不可數(shù)名詞,是服裝的總稱,包括各種衣服,帽子,鞋襪等.做主語謂動(dòng)按單三處理. cloth 布料.
二.短語
1. be allowed to do sth 被允許干… allow sb to do sth 允許某人干…
allow doing sth 允許干…
2. sixteen-year-olds = sixteen-year-old boys and girls 16歲的孩子
3. part-time jobs 兼職工作 4. a driver’s license 駕照
5. on weekends 在周末 6. at that age 在那個(gè)年齡段
7. on school nights 在上學(xué)期間的每個(gè)晚上 8. stay up 熬夜
9. clean up (相當(dāng)與及物動(dòng)詞) 清掃 10. fail (in) a test 考試不及格
11. take the test 參加考試 12. the other day 前幾天
13. all my classmates 我所有的同學(xué) 14. concentrate on 全神貫注于
15. be good for 對(duì)…有益 16. in groups 成群的,按組的
17. get noisy 吵鬧(系表結(jié)構(gòu)) 18. learn from 向某人學(xué)習(xí)
19. at present 目前,現(xiàn)在 20. have an opportunity to do sth 有做…的機(jī)會(huì)
21.English-English dictionary 英英詞典 22. at least 至少
23.eight hours’ sleep a night 每晚8小時(shí)的睡眠
24. an old people’s home 敬老院 25. take time to do sth 花費(fèi)時(shí)間干…
26. primary schools 小學(xué) 27. have…off 放假,休息
28. reply to 回答,答復(fù) 29. get in the way of 妨礙
30. a professional athlete 職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員 31. achieve one’s dreams 實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想
32. think about 思考,考慮 33. in the end 最后,終于
34. be serious about 對(duì)…熱忠/極感興趣
35. spend…on + n. spend …(in) + v-ing 在…上花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢
36. care about 關(guān)心,擔(dān)心,在乎 37. agree with 同意…
三.句子
1. I don’t think twelve-year-olds should be allowed to get their ears pierced.
我認(rèn)為不應(yīng)該允許12歲的孩子穿耳孔.
2.They talk instead of doing homework. 他們聊天而不是做作業(yè).
3.He is allowed to stay up until 11:00 pm. 允許他們熬到晚上11點(diǎn).
4.We should be allowed to take time to do things like that more often.
我們應(yīng)該被允許更加經(jīng)常的花些時(shí)間多做這類事情.
5.What school rules do you think should be changed?
你認(rèn)為學(xué)校的哪些制度應(yīng)該改一改了?
6.The two pairs of jeans both look good on me. 這兩條牛仔褲穿在我身上都適合.
7.The classroom is a real mess. 教室太臟了.
8.Should I be allowed to make my own decisions?
9.Only then will I have a chance of achieving my dream. 只有這樣我才能實(shí)現(xiàn)我的夢想.
10.They should be allowed to practice their hobbies as much as they want.
應(yīng)該允許他們對(duì)業(yè)余愛好想練多長時(shí)間就練多長時(shí)間.
11.We have nothing against running. 我們沒有理由反對(duì)他跑步.
Unit 4
一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1、①give sb sth=give sth to sb
類似的詞還有:pass、lend、show、write、send等
?、赽uy sb sth=buy sth for sb
類似的詞還有:make、draw、cook等
2、hundred 、thousand、mi11ion與數(shù)字連用不能用復(fù)數(shù)。
hundreds of、thousands of、mi11ions of中必須用復(fù)數(shù)。
3、look for尋找find找到、發(fā)現(xiàn)
find out指經(jīng)過觀察、探索、調(diào)查等弄清楚、弄明白。
discover 指發(fā)現(xiàn)那些客觀存在而不為人所知的實(shí)情。如科學(xué)上的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)。
4、bring 帶來 take 帶走 fetch 去并拿來
5、talk to/with sb 同××說話。
tell 告訴, 分辨，辨別。
speak to sb 同××說話，做及物動(dòng)詞，后跟語言。
say 后跟名詞、代詞及賓語從句做賓語，著重強(qiáng)調(diào)說話內(nèi)容。
6、What if …… 如果……將會(huì)怎么樣?(引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句、疑問句)
eg What if she doesn’t come? 她要是不來怎么辦?
What if your parent don’t agree? 如果你的父母不同意怎么辦?
What if you should fall sick? 如果你生病了怎么辦?
7、before 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)句子，為連詞。后跟短語或名詞等，則為介詞。
8、food 表示食品種類，一種食物時(shí)，為可數(shù)名詞
eg fried foods 油炸食品 break foods 早餐食品 frozen foods 冷凍食品
9、復(fù)數(shù)名詞可表示一類食品(如 dogs)
a/an+單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞可表示一類(如 a dog)
10、confident(adj.) confidence(n.)
11、What does/do ×× look like? 問相貌。
What’s ×× like? 問“品質(zhì)性格”。
12、 give a speech 做演講 have a speech聽演講 give a report 做報(bào)告
have a report 聽報(bào)告
13、permission (n.) 允許，許可 permit (v.) 允許
14、plenty of 充足的，相當(dāng)多的。修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞，只能用于肯定句。否定、疑問句中用 enough.
15、not……in the slightest=not……at all 根本不
16、company ①公司 ②一群人，一伙人 ③ 陪伴
17、get along (with)=get on (with)
①進(jìn)行，進(jìn)展
eg The business is getting along very well. 生意進(jìn)展的很順利。
How are you getting along with your English study? 你的英語學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)展的怎么樣了?
?、谙嗵?/p>
eg Do you get along with your boss?= Do you and your boss get along? 你跟老板合得來嗎?
I’m getting along very well with my classmates. 我和同學(xué)們相處得很好。
18、would rather … than … (= would … rather than)寧愿，而不愿。
前后連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞原形，否定形式為：would rather not do sth
?、賥ould rather … than … = prefer … to …
但prefer … to … 若連接兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為v-ing 形式。
eg He would rather jog than play football.=He prefers jogging to playing football.
②would rather 常單獨(dú)使用，表示“寧愿做…”
eg He would rather watch TV at home.
?、踨ather than = instead of 而不是
連接兩個(gè)并列成分，前后對(duì)稱。
eg I’d prefer to go to in summer rather than in winter.
I decided to write rather than telephone.
I like going out with you rather than with him.
She enjoys listening rather than speaking.
19、today、here、there、downstairs、upstairs、above、below做賓語修飾名詞，放在名詞之后
eg the weather today今天的天氣 people here這里的人們the man downstairs樓下的那個(gè)男的
the passage below 下面的這段話
20、a little = a bit 修飾形容詞、副詞 a little = a bit of 修飾不可數(shù)名詞
21、There is an English speech contest next month
用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來，表示計(jì)劃或安排好的動(dòng)作，或者日歷、時(shí)刻表的規(guī)定內(nèi)容。
22、the rest 其余的，可指代可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。The other(s) 只能指代可數(shù)名詞
23、come up with 提出或提出(答案、方法)等。類似于think of.
eg How would you come up with this idea? 你怎樣想出這個(gè)注意的?
My brother is a person who often comes up with good idea.我弟弟是個(gè)常常能想出好點(diǎn)子的人
24、offer 提供 offer sb sth 給××…… offer to sb sth 主動(dòng)提出干……
二、短語
1、give it to charity 把它捐給慈善機(jī)構(gòu) 2、medical research 醫(yī)學(xué)研究
3、What if …… 如果…怎么樣? 4、get nervous 緊張
5、take a big exam 參加大考 6、help with 有助于
7、in public 在公共場合 8、hardly ever 幾乎不
9、the whole school 全校 10、without permission 為經(jīng)許可
11、be(make) friends with 與…交朋友 12、ask one’s permission 請求××的允許
13、introduce…to… 把…介紹給… 14、invite…to do… 邀請…干…
15、social situations 社會(huì)環(huán)境 16、not… in the slightest 根本不，一點(diǎn)也不
17、right away 立刻，馬上 18、all day 全天
19、be friendly to 對(duì)…友好 20、at lunch time 在午飯時(shí)間
21、a bit shy 有點(diǎn)害羞 22、English speech contest 英語演講比賽
23、represent the class 代表班級(jí) 24、come top 名列第一(前茅)
25、let … down 使…失望 26、come up with 提出、想出
27、be sure of + n./pron. 28、the rest of the students 其余的學(xué)生
be sure to do 相信… 29、have a lot of experience (in) doing sth
be sure +that 從句 在做某事方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn)
30、deal with 對(duì)付，處理 31、come out 出版
32、give advice on… 在…方面提出意見、建議 33、by accident 偶然地，無意之中
34、hurry to do sth 匆匆忙忙干… 35、an internet friend 網(wǎng)友
三、句子
1、He doesn’t know if he should bring a present. 他不知道是否該帶禮物。
2、You shouldn’t worry about what other people say.你不應(yīng)該考慮別人說什么。
3、What will you do if you had a million dollars? 如果你有一百萬美元，你會(huì)干什么?
4、If I were you, I ‘d take a small present.如果我是你，我會(huì)帶一個(gè)小禮物。
5、I’m too tired to do well.我太累了，沒考好。
6、Dogs can be a lot of trouble.狗會(huì)帶來很多麻煩。
7、What are you like? 你是什么樣的人?
8、I’d invite him/her to have dinner at my house.我會(huì)邀請他(她)到我家吃飯。9、You enjoy the company of other people.你喜歡別人的陪伴。
10、I feel nervous talking in front of many people.我在眾人面前講話時(shí)感到緊張。11、She always comes top in the school exams.她在學(xué)校的考試中總是名列前茅。
12、She doesn’t want to let her friends down.她不愿讓朋友失望。
13、If I were you, I’ll get out of here.如果我是你，我會(huì)離開這里。
虛擬語氣
一、詞的語氣
指我們平常說的說話人說話的口氣。(在英語中，語氣除了指語調(diào)以外，最主要的是通過動(dòng)詞發(fā)生變化而表示不同語氣)
英語中的語氣分為三類：
陳述語氣(用于陳述句、疑問句、感嘆句)
祈使語氣(用于祈使句)
虛擬語氣(用于條件狀語從句、賓語從句等)
二、虛擬語氣
如果所說的不是事實(shí)，而是一種假設(shè)、愿望、建議或是一種實(shí)現(xiàn)不了的空想，就用虛擬語氣。
三、虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法
1、真實(shí)條件狀語從句與非真實(shí)條件狀語從句
eg If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真實(shí)條件狀語)
If he was free, he asked me to tell stories.(真實(shí)條件狀語)
If I were you, I would go at once.(非真實(shí)條件狀語從句)
If there was no air, people would die.(非真實(shí)條件狀語從句)
2、虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件狀語從句中的用法及動(dòng)詞形式
?、?表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的情況
(條件)從句謂語動(dòng)詞形式 主句謂語動(dòng)詞形式
謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式(be用were) should/would/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形
eg：If I were you, I’d take an umbrella.如果我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。(事實(shí)：我不可能是你)
If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you.
如果我知道他的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)告訴你。(事實(shí)：不知道)
If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth.如果沒有水和空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生物。(事實(shí)：地球上既有空氣也有水)
If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.
如果我?guī)уX了，我就會(huì)借給你些。(事實(shí)：沒帶錢)
If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他在努力些，就能通過考試了。(事實(shí)：學(xué)習(xí)不用功)
?、诒硎九c過去事實(shí)相反的情況
從句謂語動(dòng)詞形式 主句謂語動(dòng)詞形式
Had+過去分詞 Should/would/could/might+have+過去分詞
eg If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.
如果我早到那兒，我就會(huì)見到她。(事實(shí)：去晚了)
If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.
如果他聽我的勸告的話，就不會(huì)犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤了。(事實(shí)：沒有聽我的話)
③表示對(duì)將來情況的主觀推測(可能相反或可能性很小)
從句 例句 主句
?、?were
If+主語 ② did
?、踳ere to do
(①通常與一個(gè)表示時(shí)間狀語連用)其 中were to do可能性最小，
should+動(dòng)詞原形。 If it rained tomorrow our picnic
would be put off.
萬一那天下雨，我們的郊游
就推遲。
should/would do might
主句 /could
eg: If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.
如果他哪天來這兒的話，我就跟他談?wù)劇?事實(shí)：來的可能性很小)
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.
如果下周日下大雪，我們就不能去滑冰了，(事實(shí)：不知能否下雪)
If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter.
如果她下周一來這兒的話，我就會(huì)告訴她這件事得始末。
四、虛擬語氣的其他用法
1、虛擬語氣用在wish 后的賓語從句
a、表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式
eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那樣的頭腦。(事實(shí)：我根本比不上你)
b、表示過去事實(shí)相反的愿望，謂語動(dòng)詞：had+v-ed
eg: I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原來知道這件事的真相。(事實(shí)：原來不知道)
c、表示將來難以實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望
謂語動(dòng)詞：should/would + 動(dòng)詞原形
eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了。(事實(shí)：很難再有這樣的機(jī)會(huì)了)
?、谔摂M語氣用在suggest(建議)、insist(堅(jiān)持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中。
在這種用法中，無論主句謂語動(dòng)詞為何種時(shí)態(tài)，從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都用：“should + 動(dòng)
詞原形”或只用“動(dòng)詞原形”。
如 He suggested
He insisted
He demand that we (should) take the teacher’s advice
He ordered
人教版初三上英語知識(shí)點(diǎn)第5單元
Unit 5
一、知識(shí)點(diǎn)：
1、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示推測：
(1)must常用于肯定句中，意為“準(zhǔn)是、一定”，它表達(dá)的肯定程度最大，可以達(dá)到100%。
(2)could、might、may的意思是“可能、也許”，表示推測，它們所表達(dá)的肯定程度較低，這三個(gè)詞相比may的可能性稍大一些;他們的肯定程度在20%至80%。
(3)can’t的意思之“不可能”，它相應(yīng)的肯定形式是must;它的可能性為0% 。
(4)must、could、might和can’t的后面可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的推測。
例：He might/could be playing basketball now.他現(xiàn)在可能正在打籃球。
I’m sure that she can’t stay at home.我確信她不在家。
He must be walking in the garden.他肯定在花園里散步。
2、 author與writer：
author單純制作者或作品;writer的意思較多，有“作者、抄寫員”等。
3、drop：(1) vt.(及物動(dòng)詞)意思是(有意或無意)讓掉下來、投下;放棄、不再干。
例：She dropped the teapot.
He dropped it into the mail-box.
I want to drop math.
(2)vi.(不及物動(dòng)詞)意思是掉下、落下;下降、降低(可與fall互換)，
例：The man dropped from the top of the building.
The temperature has suddenly dropped.
Prices dropped.
(3) n.(可數(shù))滴、點(diǎn)滴， a few drops of rain幾滴雨
4、exam：用在正式場合，指入學(xué)考試，期中、期末考試，正式等級(jí)考試。
test：意思是測驗(yàn)、考查、小考，指非正式的階段性的測試。
quiz：測驗(yàn)、口試、筆試，只簡單的臨時(shí)性的考試。
5、too much太多 much too實(shí)在太
6、garbage、rubbish、junk和waste：
(1)garbage廢料、垃圾;(廚房倒棄的)剩飯、剩菜。
(2)rubbish=trash垃圾，普通用語，指各種垃圾，英國人常用rubbish,美國人常用trash.
(3)junk破爛物，指廢鐵、破布等，現(xiàn)在用來指使人發(fā)胖的食物。
(4)waste廢物，指工廠排出的廢水、廢氣或家庭垃圾等。
7、any用在否定句、疑問句、條件句中。 some用在陳述肯定句中。
8、have no idea不知道 have some/any idea知道。
9、at可表示“再某場合”如：at the meeting/party
10、hope to do sth;hope that從句。 wish to do sth;wish sb to do sth;wish that從句。
11、because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句 because of跟名詞或一個(gè)短語。
12、however與but：
(1)從語義上看，but所表示的是很明顯的對(duì)比、轉(zhuǎn)折。
(2)從語法上看，but是并列連詞，however是個(gè)副詞。
(3)從語序上看，but總位于所引導(dǎo)的句首，however可放在句首、句中、句尾。
(4)從標(biāo)點(diǎn)上看，but之后沒有逗號(hào)，however之前、之后短語用逗號(hào)隔開。
13、本課出現(xiàn)的兩例含有賓語從句的特殊句子：
(1)What do you think “anxious” means?
(2)Why do you think the man is running?
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