英語必修一語法知識
英語必修一語法知識
英語教學的最終目的就是要培養(yǎng)學生與外界交流信息、表達思想的能力。語法是一個非常重要的工具,它可以幫助人們理解和運用語言。接下來學習啦小編為你整理了英語必修一語法知識點,一起來看看吧。
英語必修一語法知識點:倍數(shù)的用法
在英語學習中涉及到倍數(shù)問題時, 常見以下三種倍數(shù)表達的基本句型:
(1) This street is four times the 1ength of that one.
這條街是那條街的四館長。(這條街比那條街長三倍。)
(2) This box is three times as heavy as that one.
這個箱子是那個箱子的三倍重。 (這個箱子比那個箱子重兩倍。)
(3)The meeting room is three times bigger than our office.
會議室比我們的辦公室大三倍。(會議室是我們辦公桌的四倍大。)
句型(1)和句型(2)人們并不難以理解; 同學們也很容易接受,因為它們很符合漢語的翻譯習慣。但是, 句型(3)筆者卻認為漢語譯文是錯誤的。
句型(3)的譯法在我國英語界的一些書刊雜志上說法都不一致,似乎沒有定論。有的譯為 "是...的三倍大";有的譯為"比...大三倍"。甚至一些語法書、工具書和詞典都相互矛盾,舉幾例如下:
A pen is three times more expensive than a pencil.
"鋼筆比鉛筆貴三倍"詳見陳胥華的《英漢對譯指導》P.366,湖北教育出版社1981年6月1版。
Output of chemical fertilizer was more than 2.5 times greater. "化肥產(chǎn)量增長了
1.5倍(以上)" 詳見張道真《實用英語語法》P.102, 1979年8月修訂2版。
Our county's agricultural output is 11 per cent higher than that of last year.
"我縣農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)值比去年增長百分之十一。" 詳見薄冰、趙德鑫合編的《英語語法手冊》1978年6月修訂2版(商務印書館)。
其實,句型(1)、(2)、(3)的三種表達法都屬同一種譯法,沒有任何區(qū)別。在使用句型(3)時, 產(chǎn)生翻譯錯誤的原因不外乎人們認為句中含有 "more than", 而根據(jù)漢語習慣去翻譯, 但在英語國家里絕不會出現(xiàn)這種混淆現(xiàn)象。
費致德先生在《現(xiàn)代英語慣用法詞典》(1981年7月1版,商務印書館)中也強調句型(1)、(2)、(3)所表達的是相同的數(shù)量概念.。詳見該詞典第795頁:
1. A比B差不多大三倍的表達方式有下列三種, 其中C項有些語法學家認為不對, 但現(xiàn)已廣泛使用。
a. A is about three times as large/big as B.
b. A is about three times the size of B.
c. A is about three times larger than B.
費致德先生肯定了這三種句型是同一種意思。但遺憾的是他將 "A是B的三倍"也誤寫為 "比...大三倍"; 如果據(jù)此對照去譯,便與句型 (1) 和 (2) 相矛盾。
為了進一步證明這一問題, 筆者又寫信給上海外國語學院, 向《新編英語語法》主編章振邦教授請教了這一問題,章教授在回信中說:
按照英語國家的表達習慣,five times as... as/five times more /five times greater than所表達的是相同的數(shù)量概念,就拿你討論的句子為例:
This street is four times the length of that one.
= This street is four times as long as that one.
= This street is four times longer than that one.
= This street is four-fold longer than that one.
= This street is 300%longer than that one.
(這條街比那條街長三倍/百分之三百。)
這就是說, 表達倍數(shù)若用...times或fold則不論何種句型中都表示包括基數(shù)100%在內, 所以"four times longer than/as long as/the length of" 都只表示"長三倍"; 但若在"more/greater than"結構中用百分比則表示凈增數(shù)(見上例中最后一句)。所以: "A is three times bigger than B" 譯成漢語時應該是"A是B的三倍大" 或者 "A比B大兩倍"。
英語必修一語法知識點:數(shù)詞的用法
1. 拼法需要當心的序數(shù)詞
在first,second和third之后的序數(shù)詞都由基數(shù)詞加 -th構成,但要注意以下拼法略有變化:
twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth… fifth eighth ninth twelfth..
2. 序號的表示
1) 基數(shù)詞放在名詞之后,通常寫作阿拉伯數(shù),如:
page 4(P.4)讀作page four Room301讀作room three O [ou] one
Tel No.864412讀作telephone number eight six double four one two
2) 序數(shù)詞放在名詞之前,通常前面要加定冠詞.如:
the Eighth Lesson(=Lesson Eight) the First Middle School(=Middle School No. 1)
3. 數(shù)詞后面的名詞用單數(shù)還是用復數(shù)
表示計量時,基數(shù)詞后面的名詞用復數(shù)形式,但是在帶有數(shù)字的復合名詞(常用作定語)里,名詞只用單數(shù)形式。試比較:
They baby is only six moths old. This is a six-moth-old baby.
I have five pounds. I have a five-pound note.
4. hundreds / thousands / millions of + 名詞復數(shù)
hundred, thousand和million后加 –s與of連用,表示“數(shù)百、數(shù)千、數(shù)百萬”。
He has bought hundreds of books this year.
Thousands of seagulls arrived to help the farmers save their crops.
5. dozen和score
用法與hundred, thousand, million基本相似dozens of和scores of均表示“幾十個”。但有以下幾點區(qū)別:
1) 在接具體名詞復數(shù)時dozen后不加of,而score常與of連用。如:
two dozen books two score (of)books
2) 若名詞被限定詞限定,dozen后應加of,接賓格代詞亦如此。
three dozen of those (the, my, those) books three dozen of them
6. 表示不定數(shù)量的常用單詞和詞組
這些單詞或詞組與名詞的搭配關系見下表
用于可數(shù)名詞用于不可數(shù)名詞用于可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞
a bit of
(a) few(a) littleall
fewerlessplenty of
(the) fewest(the) leasta lot of; lots of
a (great) number ofa great deal (amount) ofenough
manymuchmore; most
several some; any
hundreds of
dozens of
1) (a) few 和(a) little
a few和a little與some的意思較接近,表示“有幾個;有一點”。few和little則表示“幾乎沒有(= almost none)”的意思。試比較:
She doesn’t seem very friendly; she has few friends。 (not many friends)
Although she has been here only a short time, she has made a few friends. (some friends)
I can’t make a pie because there is little sugar. (not much sugar)
There is a little sugar for your coffee. (some sugar)
2) 用fewer還是用less
從理論上講few的比較級形式fewer用于復數(shù)名數(shù)前;little的比較級形式less用于不可
數(shù)名詞前,但是在現(xiàn)代英語中,尤其是在非正式場合下,也常用less代替fewer;例如:
If on1y there were fewer/less holes in the roof?
3) many + a + 名詞單數(shù)
many a后接可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)形式,表示“好些;許多”,多用于書面語或演講中。
Many a young man has had such a chance. (動詞用has)
many a time則看作是固定詞組,表示“多次”。
That’s happened to me many a time.
英語必修一語法知識點:人稱代詞
1. 主格和賓格
1) 通常,人稱代詞主格用做主語或表語;賓格用做動詞或介詞的賓語。句子的結構如有變化,也應能加以分析,確定選用哪種形式。例如:
It was he who told a lie.
It’s not me (who / whom) he wants. (作賓語)
This is a secret;it's between you and me.(作介詞賓語)
2) 人稱代詞賓格可用在比較狀語從句一類的結構中代替主格。例如:
He is taller than me / I (am). I don't swim so well as her / she (does).
2. 兩種所有格
人稱代詞所有格稱為物主代詞。物主代詞分為兩類:
?、?形容詞性的,如my, her, your, their等;
?、?名詞性的,如mine,hers,yours,theirs等。由于受漢語影響,我們常犯以下兩種錯誤:
1) 漏用代詞,主要是形容詞性的物主代詞,因為漢語中常常將它省略。例如:
I have done my homework.(不能說 * I have done homework.)
We clean our classroom every day.(不能說 * We clean classroom every day.)
2) 誤用代詞,混淆兩種類型的物主代詞,因為漢語中無此區(qū)別。例如:
That dictionary is not mine.(不能說 * That dictionary is not my.)
Mine is here.(不能說 * My is here.)
注意:形容詞性的物主代詞只能用作定語,必須與名詞連用。例如
What's her name? I am your friend.
名詞性的物主代詞則可充當名詞所能充當?shù)母鞣N句子成分。如:
Your pen is black;mine is blue.(作主語)
You haven't got a bike?You may use mine.(作賓語)
但是its一般不能單獨使用。需要時可以用its own。如:
That's the cat's basket. It's its own.
3. 代詞做短語動詞賓語時的位置
當短語動詞由“動詞+副詞”構成時,代詞作賓語必須放在動詞和副詞中間,名詞則不受此限制。如:
He looked up the word in the dictionary. He looked the word up in the dictionary.
He looked it up in the dictionary.
但如果是由“動詞+介詞”構成的介詞動詞,代詞作賓語還是要放在介詞之后。例如:
He's been looking for them all this morning.
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