外研版高一英語知識點(2)
外研版高一英語知識點
外研版高一英語知識點：重點句型
1.“So + be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)。此結(jié)構(gòu)中的語序是倒裝的，“So”代替上句中的某個成分。如果上面一句是否定句，則使用“Neither/Nor+be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語”的結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如 He’s tired，and so am I.(=I’ m also tired.)
You can swim，and so can I.(=I can also swim.)
She has had supper，and so can I.(=I’ve had lunch，too.)
Tom speaks English，and so does his sister.(=His sister speaks English，too.)
A: I went to the park yesterday.
B: So did I.(=I also went to the park yesterday.)
2.“So +主語+be/have/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞”結(jié)構(gòu)中的主謂是正常語序，so相當于indeed,certainly,表示說話人對前面或?qū)Ψ剿f情況的肯定、贊同或證實，語氣較強，意思是“確實如此”。
例如 A：It was cold yesterday.昨天很冷。
B：So it was.的確如此。(=Yes，it was.)
A：You seem to like sports.
B：So I do.(=Yes，I do.)
A：It will be fine tomorrow.
B：So it will.(=Yes ，it will.)
3.“主語+do/does/did + so”結(jié)構(gòu)指的是按上句的要求做了。此句型中do so代替上文中要求做的事，以免重復。
My Chinese teacher told me to hand in my composition on time and I did so.(=I handed in
my composition on time.) 語文老師叫我按時交作文, 我照辦了。
4.So it is with…或 It is the same with…句型表示 “……(的情況)也是如此。”當前面的句子中有幾種不同形式的謂語時，要表示相同情況，必須使用本句型，不能使用so 引起的倒裝句。
She doesn’t play the piano, but she likes singing. So it is with my sister.
5、There you are. 行了，好。
這是一句表示一種事情告一段落或有了最終結(jié)果的用語。如：
There you are! Then let's have some coffee.
除此之外，還可以表示“瞧，對吧(果然如此)”的語氣。例如：
There you are! I knew we should find it at last.
對吧!我就知道我們最終能找到的。
6、have some difficulty (in) doing sth.
干某事有困難;接名詞時，常用句型：have some difficulty with sth.
①Do you have any difficulty (in) understanding English?
你理解英語口語有困難嗎?
?、赟he said she had some difficulty with pronunciation.
她說她在發(fā)音方面有困難。
7、have a good knowledge of sth.
“掌握……”，“對……有某種程度的了解”
?、貶e has a good knowledge of London.
他對倫敦有所了解。
?、贏 good knowledge of languages is always useful.
8、Tree after tree went own, cut down by the water, which must have been three metres deep.
一棵又一棵的樹被水沖倒、沖斷。那水肯定有三米深。
“must have + 過去分詞”表示對已發(fā)生事情的猜測。在英語中，must，may，can三個情態(tài)動詞可用來表示對事情的猜測。Must意為“肯定”，語氣很有把握;may意為“可能”、“也許”，語氣把握性不大。兩者常用在肯定句中。Can意為“肯定”、“也許”，常用在否定句或疑問句中。Must，may，can三者用于表示猜測時，其后面可跟三種不同的動詞形式：1)跟動詞原形表示對現(xiàn)在事情的猜測;
2)跟be doing表示對正在發(fā)生事情的猜測;3)跟have done表示對已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的猜測。例如：
Helen is Lucy’s good friend. She must know Lucy’s e-mail.海倫是露茜的好朋友。她肯定知道露茜的電子郵件。
We can hear loud voices in the meeting room. They must be quarrelling.我們可以聽到會議
室很吵。他們肯定在吵架。
I met Jeff at the gate a moment ago. He can’t have gone to Australia.我剛才還在大門口見
過杰夫。他不可能去了澳大利亞。
9、Wei Bin took out some peanuts and it was fun to see the monkey eat from his hand.魏彬拿出一些花生?？粗镒訌乃稚铣曰ㄉ?，很有趣。
fun “好玩，趣事”，不可數(shù)名詞，前面不加不定冠詞a。
You’re sure to have some fun at the party tonight. 今天晚上你肯定會玩得很開心。
make fun of“取笑”，“嘲弄”。People make fun of him only because he is wearing such a
strange jacket.人們嘲笑他只是因為他穿了一件那么奇怪的衣服。
funny adj. “可笑的，滑稽的”。He looks very funny in his father’s jacket.他穿著他父親
的衣服，看上去很滑稽。
10、Many people who saw the film were afraid to swim in the sea……
許多看過這部電影的人都不敢在海里游。
afraid 用法說明：
1)害怕人/ 物，如：be afraid of * / sth
2)不敢做某事，如：be afraid to do sth / of doing sth
He is afraid to go out / of going out alone at night.
3) 擔心會發(fā)生某事, 如: be afraid of doing sth或be afraid + that clause
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid of falling into the river.
He seldom stands on the river bank because he is afraid that he might fall into theriver.
4) 給人不愉快的信息或不贊同某人意見時, 用I’m afraid …, 如:
I’m afraid I’ve got bad news for you.
I’m afraid I can’t agree with you.
11、It is polite to finish eating everything on your plate.把你盤子里所有東西吃完是有禮貌的。
這是一個動詞不定式作主語的句型，其中to finish eating everything 是主語，it是形式主語。
12、I wish you all the best.我祝你萬事如意.
用wish來表示祝愿的結(jié)構(gòu)是wish * sth, 此外我們還可以用may來表示祝愿: May * do sth如:
May you succeed.
13、Where there is a river, there is a city. 有河流的地方就有城市。
Where在這里引導的是地點狀語從句，相當于介詞in/ at/ to + the place + where從句9定語從句)，意思是“在……地方”。 例如：
Where there is smoke, there is fire.無風不起浪;事出有因。
He lives where the climate is mild.他住在氣候溫暖的地方。
14、Strong, proud, and united, the people of St Petersburg are the modern heroes of Russia .
圣彼得堡人民堅強不屈、充滿自豪、團結(jié)一致，他們是俄羅斯當代的英雄。
Strong, proud, and united為前置定語，在這里相當于一個非限制性定語從句：
The people of St Petersburg , who are strong, proud, and united, are the modern heroes
of Russia . 當主語比較短時，這類短語常常放在句首。
15. Congratulations!是一句祝賀用語，在使用時要用復數(shù)形式。其他幾個通常以復數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)表達特定含義的名詞有：
manners(禮貌)：He is a little boy with good manners.這個小男孩很有禮貌。
regards (問候)：Please send my regards to your parents.請代我問候你父母。
16. Every four years athletes from all over the world take part in the Olympic Games.
沒四年，世界各地的運動員們都要參加奧運會。
“every + 基數(shù)詞 + 時間/ 距離單位”詞表示“每多少時間/ 距離”。如：
every five days(每五天), every three hours(每三小時), every ten metres(每十公尺)
類似表達形式還有：every fifth day, every third hour
“每隔一天”的表達形式有：every second day, every two days, every other day.
17、Modern cellphones are more than just phones—they are used as cameras and radios, and
to send e-mail or surf the Internet.現(xiàn)代的手機不僅僅是電話機—它們也當坐照相機和收音機使用，還可以發(fā)送電子郵件和上網(wǎng)。
use A as B 把A用作B。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones as tools for farming.在古代，人們把石頭用作耕作的工具。
use sth to do sth用某物來做某事。例如：
In ancient times, people used stones to kill animals for food.
在古代，人們用石頭來捕殺動物獲取食物。
18、The answer seems to be that we have a need to stay in touch with friends and family no
matter where we are or what we are doing.答案似乎是：無論我們在何處或正在做什么，我們都需要和朋友以及家人一直保持聯(lián)系。
1) seem 似乎，好像，其用法及搭配有：
seem + adj., 如：
This problem seems complicated, but actually it is simple.
這個問題看似復雜，其實很簡單。
seem to do
I seem to have seen him somewhere before.我好像以前在哪兒見過他。
It seems that…,
It seems that everything is going on well.好像一切正常。
It seems as if…,
It seems as if it’s going to rain.看來快要下雨了。
2) no matter無論，不管，后面常跟疑問詞引導的從句，其意相當于疑問詞后加ever。如 no matter what=whatever; no matter where=wherever; no matter how=however; no matter when=whenever例如：
No matter when (Whenever) I meet him, he is always wearing that old hat.
不管我什么時候遇見他，他總是戴著那頂舊禮帽。
No matter how (However) expensive the cellphone is, I’ll buy it because I need one badly.
無論這手機有多貴，我都要買。因為我急需有個手機。
外研版高一英語知識點：直接引語和間接引語
1. 直接引語在改為間接引語時，時態(tài)需要做相應的調(diào)整。
eg: “I broke your CD player.” (一般過去時改成過去完成時)
He told me he had broken my CD player.
Jenny said, “I have lost a book.”
(現(xiàn)在完成時改成過去完成時)
Jenny said she had lost a book.
Mum said, “I’ll go to see a friend.”
(一般將來時改成過去將來時)
Mum said she would go to see a friend.
過去完成時保留原有的時態(tài)
He said, “We hadn’t finished our homework.”
He said they hadn’t finished their homework.
注意 直接引語是客觀真理，過去進行時，時態(tài)不變。
2. 在直接引語變間接引語時，如果從句中的主語時第一人稱或被第一人稱所修飾，從句中的人稱要按照主句中主語的人稱變化。如：
Mary said, “My brother is an engineer.”
Mary said her brother was and engineer.
3. 直接引語如果是反意疑問句，選擇疑問句或一般疑問句，間接引語應改為由whether或if引導的賓語從句。如：
He said, “Can you run, Mike?”
He asked Mike whether/if he could run.
4. 直接引語如果是祈使句，間接引語應改為“tell(ask, order, beg等) * (not) to do sth.”句型。如：
“Pass me the water, please.”said he.
He asked him to pass her the water.
5. 直接引語如果是以“Let’s”開頭的祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時，通常用“suggest+動名詞或從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
She said, “Let’s go to the cinema.”
She suggested going to the cinema.
或She suggested that they should go to the cinema.
現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的動作
現(xiàn)在進行時表將來的動作，謂語通常為瞬間動詞。如：come, go, arrive, leave, start, return, stay, meet, get等。這些動詞的進行時后不能再接具體的時間。
(1)用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來，指的是近期的，按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。
(2)現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來與表示正在進行的動作的區(qū)別在于：前者通常用瞬間動詞(有時一些常用動詞也可以這樣用如：do)如：go, come, start, return, get, arrive等。而后者通常是持續(xù)性動詞。
He is reading a novel.
他在看小說。
The train is arriving soon.
火車就要進站了。
(3)用現(xiàn)在進行時表示將來的時間，在句中或上下文中通常有表示將來時間的狀語。
(4)現(xiàn)在進行時與一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來動作的區(qū)別在于：前者表示的將來的動作往往是可以改變的，而后者則是根據(jù)規(guī)定或時間表預計要發(fā)生的動作或事情，因此往往是不可改變或不可隨便改變的。
What are you doing next Friday?
下星期五你們打算干什么?
The plane takes off at 7：30 tonight.
飛機今晚七點半起飛。
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