初中語法知識點之賓語從句
不少同學(xué)都覺得學(xué)習(xí)賓語從句很難很吃力,不知如何學(xué)好。下面由學(xué)習(xí)啦小編給你帶來關(guān)于初中語法知識點之賓語從句,希望對你有幫助!
一、概述
賓語從句是主從復(fù)合句的一種。主從復(fù)合句是由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構(gòu)成的。
主句是復(fù)合句的主體,從句僅僅是主句的一個成分,它從屬于主句,不能獨立。從句在全句中充當(dāng)什么成分,就叫什么從句。賓語從句當(dāng)中的從句在全句中作賓語。
簡單句She knew the teacher(賓語)復(fù)合句 She knew that the teacher had seen the film.(賓從)
二、賓語從句
1.語序
無論主句是陳述句還是疑問句,賓語從句都必須使用陳述語序,即“主句+連詞+賓語從句(主語+謂語+……)”句式。根據(jù)連接詞在從句中所擔(dān)任的不同成分,可分為以下四種:
1)連接詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語。常見的連接詞有: who,what,which等。如:
Could you tell me who knows the answer,please?你能告訴我誰知道答案嗎?
The small children don't know what is in their stockings.這些小孩子不知道襪子里有什么東西.
I don't know which belongs to my father.
2)連接詞+名詞+謂語。連接詞在從句中作主語的定語。常見的連接詞有:whose,what,which,how many,how much等。如:
He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他問我們班上誰的書法最好。
The teacher asked us how many people there were in the room.老師問我們房間里有多少人。
3)連接詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語、狀語或表語。常見的連接詞有:who(m),what,which, how many, how much, when, why, how, where, if /whether(在句中不充當(dāng)任何成分)。如:
He hasn't decided if he'll go on a trip to Wuxi.他還沒決定是否去無錫旅行。
Could you tell me what I should do with the money ?你能告訴我我如何處理這筆錢嗎?
4)連接詞+名詞+主語+謂語。連接詞在從句中作賓語或表語的定語。常見的連接詞有:what,which,how many,how much,how等。如:
Do you know which class he is in ?你知道他在哪個班嗎?
She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她問我是否知道這是誰的鋼筆。
2.連接詞
1)當(dāng)由陳述句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,用that引導(dǎo),that無詞義,在口語或非正式文體中常省略。如:
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他說他會在晚飯前完成工作。
2)當(dāng)由一般疑問句充當(dāng)賓語從句時,用if或whether引導(dǎo),意為“是否”。如:
I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.
但在下列情況下只能用whether:
?、?在具有選擇意義,又有or或or not時,尤其是直接與or not連用時,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:
Let me know whether /if he will come or not.(=Let me know whethe or not he will come)
I don't know whether/if he does any washing or not.(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.
?、?在介詞之后用whether。如:
I'm interested in whether he likes English.我關(guān)心的是他是否喜歡英語。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.
I worry about whether I hurt her feelings.我擔(dān)心是否傷了她的感情。
?、?在不定式前用whether。如:
He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未決定是否拜訪那位老人。
I don't know whether to go.我不知去否。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他還未決定是乘公共汽車去還是坐火車去。
?、?whether置于句首時,不能換用if。如:
Whether this is true or not,I can't say.這是否真的我說不上來。
?、菀龑?dǎo)主語從句和表語從句時宜用whether。如:
Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能來還是個問題。
The question is whether we can catch the bus.問題是我們能否趕上公共汽車。
?、?若用if會引起歧義時,則用whether。如:
Please let me know if you like the book.可理解為:a. Please let me know whether you like the book.請告訴我你是否喜歡這本書。B. If you like the book, please let me know.你如果喜歡這本書,請告訴我。
3)如果賓語從句原來是特殊疑問句,只需用原來的特殊疑問詞引導(dǎo)。如:
Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning?
3.時態(tài)
含賓語從句的復(fù)合句,主、從句謂語動詞的時態(tài)呼應(yīng)應(yīng)包括以下三點內(nèi)容:
1)如果主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的謂語動詞可根據(jù)需要,選用相應(yīng)的任何時態(tài)。如:
I don't know when he will come back.我不知道他將何時回來。
He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告訴我他姐姐昨天回來了。
2)如果主句的謂語動詞是過去時,賓語從句的謂語動詞只可根據(jù)需要,選用過去時態(tài)即一般過去時、過去進(jìn)行時、過去將來時或過去完成時的某一種形式。如:
①The children didn't know who he was.孩子們不知道他是誰。
②He asked his father how it happened.他問他父親這件事是如何發(fā)生的。
3)如果賓語從句所表示的是客觀事實、普遍真理、自然現(xiàn)象或習(xí)慣性動作等,不管主句用什么時態(tài),從句時態(tài)都用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老師說地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。
4.注意:
if和when既可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句,也可以引導(dǎo)狀語從句,應(yīng)注意它們在兩種從句中的意思和用法的不同。if和when引導(dǎo)賓語從句時,分別意為“是否”和“何時”,其時態(tài)應(yīng)和主句時態(tài)相呼應(yīng);它們引導(dǎo)狀語從句時,意思分別為“如果,假如”和“當(dāng)……時候”,當(dāng)主句時態(tài)是一般將來時時,其時態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時。它們常常放在含有狀語從句和賓語從句的題干中進(jìn)行綜合考查。如:
—Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ?你知道他明天什么時候回來嗎?
—Sorry, I don't know. When he comes back, I'll tell you. 對不起,不知道。當(dāng)他回來了,我將告訴你。
—I don't know if he will come.我不知道他是否會來。
—He will come if it doesn't rain.如果不下雨,他會來的。
賓語從句的復(fù)合句轉(zhuǎn)化為簡單句(六種方法),使其與原句意思相同(或相近)的試題。
方法一:當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是hope, decide, wish, choose, agree, promise(和主觀決定有關(guān))等,且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him.
方法二:當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是know, learn, remember, forget, tell(和記憶認(rèn)知有關(guān))等動詞,且主句主語與從句主語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window.
注:當(dāng)主句謂語動詞是tell, ask, show, teach等動詞,且后帶雙賓語,從句主語和間接賓語一致時,賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:
Could you tell me how I can get to the station? →Could you tell me how to get to the station?
方法三:當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是order(命令),require(需要)等時,如果主句和從句的主語不一致,賓語從句可簡化為“名詞(代詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四:某些動詞后的賓語從句,可以用介詞加動名詞(短語)等其他形式簡化。例如:
He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五:某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語+V-ing形式(作賓語補足語)”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六:動詞seem后的賓語從句,也可以用不定式(短語)來簡化,但句型需要進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓?。例如:It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外,還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如:
I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy