成人高考英語復(fù)習(xí)知識點(diǎn)資料
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成人高考英語復(fù)習(xí)知識點(diǎn)3
成人高考英語復(fù)習(xí)知識點(diǎn)4
冠 詞(1-4~2-2)
大綱要求:
1、不定冠詞的基本用法
2、定冠詞的基本用法
3、不加冠詞的基本規(guī)則以及冠詞的習(xí)慣用法
冠詞是一種虛詞,只能附著在名詞上幫助說明名詞的含義。
冠詞分為定冠詞(the)和不冠詞(a或an)兩類,定冠詞表示特指,不定冠詞表示泛指。
a用于讀音以輔音開頭的詞前面,an用于讀音以元音開頭的詞前面。
如:a university, a useful book, an umbrella, a horse, an honest man.
一、不定冠詞的基本用法
1.表示“一”的含義。
Give me a pen please.
We go shopping twice a week.
2.泛指某個人或東西。
Yesterday we visited an English secondary school.
She picked up a magazine and began to read.
3.表示一類人或東西。
He works as a language teacher in that university.
As a writer, he is successful.
Even a child can answer this question.
可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)出現(xiàn),泛指用不定冠詞,特指用定冠詞。一個可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)不能自己單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)。
二、定冠詞的基本用法
1.表示特定的人或東西。
Give me the magazine.
Have you decided on the prices yet?
The book on the table is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China.
2.復(fù)述前文提到的人或東西。
Last week, I saw a flim. The film is about a love story between two middle-aged people.
The old man saw a house in the field. He went into the house and found a beautiful girl sitting there and singing.
3.用于形容詞前面,代表一類人或東西。
the poor 窮人 the rich 富人 the wounded 受傷的人
the sick 生病的人 the beautiful 美麗的事物 the old 老年人
the young 年青人
4.用于表示世界上獨(dú)一無二的東西的名詞前面。
the moon, the sun, the earth
The moon moves aroud the earth.
We have friends all over the world.
Dont build castles in the air.
5.用于序數(shù)詞、方位名詞、形容詞與副詞的級前面,副詞級前面的the 可以省略。
January is the first month of the year.
The sun rises in the east.
Japan lies to the east of China.
Beijing lies in the north of China.
Ireland lies on the Great Britain.
At the Childrens Palace, some children learn to play the piano, others learn to play the violin.
Last week we went to the theatre.
Among the three girls she speaks English the best.
“東、南、西、北”作副詞時,前面不加冠詞。
We are walking south.
形容詞級前若有物主代詞,就不加定冠詞。
Monday is my busiest day.
6.用于姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前,表示一家人或夫婦倆。
The Lius have moved to Guangzhou.
The Simths came to China for visit in 1996.
7.不可數(shù)名詞前面通常不加定冠詞,但若有限制性定語修飾,或表示特定部分、特定內(nèi)容時,前面需加定冠詞。
Drink some water.
Is the water in the well fit for drink?
What do you think of the music?
He cant take the advice his mother gives him.
〈〈〈返回目錄
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài):
承受者+be{is/am/are +done(過去分詞) by+執(zhí)行者 .
E.g.: Many schools are built(done) every year in the city.
note: {地點(diǎn)狀語,時間狀語一般都放在句末;in the city 特指
其中 be 的使用取決于主語的單復(fù)形式。
A lot of修飾可數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞
Many修飾可數(shù)名詞
Mach修飾不可數(shù)名詞
主動: They all read(原形) English every day.
被動:English read (過去分詞)by all of them every day.
主動:Mother often scolds me.
被動:I am often scolded by mother.
2. 一般過去式的被動語態(tài):
承受者+be{was/were +done(過去分詞) by+執(zhí)行者 (不明確可省略)。
E.g.: 主動:He repaired his bike yesterday.
被動:His bike was repaired by him yesterday.
主動:Children cleaned many streets last Sunday.
被動:Many streets were cleaned by children last Sunday.
3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài):
承受者+be{is/am/are being(現(xiàn)在分詞)done by+執(zhí)行者 (不明確可省略)。
E.g. 主動: He is writing his composition.
被動:His composition is being written by him.
Note: write/wrote/wtitten
4. 過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài):
承受者+be{was/were} being(現(xiàn)在分詞)done by+執(zhí)行者 (不明確可省略)。
E.g. 主動:He was majoring computer during his college.
被動:Computer was being majored by him during his college.
5. 將來時的被動語態(tài):
承受者+{be going to/will/shall(be動詞原形)/be to}be done by+執(zhí)行者 (不明確時可省略)。
E.g.1 A big supermarket will/shall/be to be built here next year
Note : be to :計(jì)劃或安排好的動作或行為。
E.g.2 The flight is to leave for Hefei city.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):
承受者+have(復(fù)數(shù)主語)/has been done by+執(zhí)行者 (不明確可省略)
E.g. 主動:Our School has finished many scientific researches.
被動:Many scientific researches have been finished by our school.
7. 將來時態(tài)的被動語態(tài):
承受者+{be going to/will/shall/be to}have been done by+執(zhí)行者
E.g. 主動:We‘ ll have finished the book by the end of September.
被動: The book will/shall have been finished by the end of September
Note: by the end of 短語的用法
(1) Will have done by the end of +將來時態(tài)
(2) Had done by the end of +過去完成時態(tài)
E.g. The project had been made by the end of last week.
〈〈〈返回目錄
分詞
1、中文:他理發(fā)了。
(誤)He had his hair to be cut.
(正)He had his hair cut.(have,get+賓語+過去分詞表示使…被。)
2、中文:他喜歡喝涼開水。
(誤)He likes to drink boiling water.
(正)He likes to drink boiled water.(現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動,boiling water指正在沸騰的水;過去分詞表示完成,boiled water指沸騰過的水。)
3、中文:由于做飯,他看上去累了。
(誤)He looked tiring with cooking.
(正)He looked tired with cooking.(tiring表示令人疲倦的,tired表示人被弄疲倦了。)
4、中文:我不能讓別人明白我的意思。
(誤)I couldn't make myself understand.
(正)I couldn't make myself understood.(過去分詞表示被動,make myself understood表示使我被別人明白。)
5、中文:昨天早上我上學(xué)時見到了我的一個朋友。
(誤)I was walking to school yesterday morning,I met a friend of mine.
(正)Walking to school yesterday morning,I met a friend of mine.(前一句如作時間從句缺連詞,后一句分詞構(gòu)句表時間。)
6、中文:假期結(jié)束了,約翰返回了學(xué)校。
(誤)The vacation was over,John returned to school.
(正)The vacation being over,John returned to school.(前一句如作時間從句缺連詞,后一句獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句表時間。)
7、中文:戴帽子的工人躺在地上。
(誤)The workman worn a hat is lying on the ground.
(正)The workman wearing a hat is lying on the ground.(帶帽子是主動行動,要用現(xiàn)在分詞wearing a hat表示。)
8、中文:小女孩站在那里哭了。
(誤)The little girl stood there cried.
(正)The little girl stood there crying.(哭是主語the little girl發(fā)出的行動,要用現(xiàn)在分詞crying表示。)
9、中文:天氣好,我們今天要去郊游。
(誤)Being fine, we'll go outing today.
(正)It being fine, we'll go outing today.(前一句錯在分詞構(gòu)句所表示的動作不是主句的主語發(fā)出的;后一句加上表示氣候的It作邏輯主語,構(gòu)成獨(dú)立分詞構(gòu)句表原因。)
〈〈〈返回目錄
一、開音節(jié)
以發(fā)音的元音字母結(jié)尾、以“元音字母+不發(fā)音的e”結(jié)尾、以“一個元音字母+一個輔音字母(r除外)+不發(fā)音的e”結(jié)尾的音節(jié)都叫開音節(jié)。
如:no, be, note.
★發(fā)音的元音字母:a, e, i, o, u
二、閉音節(jié)
以“一個元音字母+一個或幾個輔音字母(r除外)”結(jié)尾的音節(jié)叫閉音節(jié)。
如:map, plan, west.
三、r音節(jié)
以“元音字母+r”構(gòu)成的音節(jié)叫r音節(jié)。
如:car, doctor, teacher, dirty.
詞匯與語法
40個小題,共40分。
從2002,2003年的考題看,語法占20――25分。
第一節(jié) 名 詞(null)
大綱要求掌握:
一、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
三、名詞的所有格
四、名詞在句子中的作用
一、可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
名詞分可數(shù)與不可數(shù)兩種。
可數(shù)名詞表示某類人或東西中的個體。如table, country.
或表示若干個體組成的集合體。如 family, people, committee, police.
不可數(shù)名詞表示無法分為個體的實(shí)物。如air, tea, furniture, water.
或表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念。如work, information, advice, happiness.
有些名詞在一種場合下是可數(shù)名詞,在另一種場合下是不可數(shù)名詞。
如room 房間(可數(shù)),空間(不可數(shù))
time 時間(不可數(shù)),次數(shù)(可數(shù))
fish 魚(不可數(shù)),各種各樣的魚(可數(shù))
比較下列例句:
There are nine rooms in the house. (房間,可數(shù)名詞)
There isnt enough room for us three in the car . (空間,不可數(shù)名詞)
不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)量可以通過在其前面加單位詞來表示。
如: 一塊肉 a piece of meat
兩條長面包 two loaves of bread
三件家具 three articles of furniture
一大筆錢 a large sum of money
二、可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。名詞復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成如下:
1.一般情況下在名詞后加-s.如:girls, books.
★濁輔音、元音結(jié)尾,s發(fā)[z]
2.以s, x , ch, sh結(jié)尾的詞在名詞后加-es.如:glasses, boxes, matches, bushes.
★以s, x , ch, sh結(jié)尾,es發(fā)[iz]
3.“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加-es.如:city-cities, country-countries.
4.以o結(jié)尾的詞多數(shù)加-es.如:heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.
radios, zoos, photos, pianos, kilos 例外。
5.f, fe 結(jié)尾的詞,多數(shù)變f,fe為v再加-es.如:thief-thieves, leaf-leaves, half-halves, life-lives, wife-wives, knife-knives.
少數(shù)名詞有不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children, mouse-mice.
〈〈〈返回目錄
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