2020屆高考英語(yǔ)五大句型結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法,英語(yǔ)常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)大全
英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法是針對(duì)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行研究后,系統(tǒng)地總結(jié)歸納出來的一系列語(yǔ)言規(guī)則。接下來小編為大家整理了高三英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容,一起來看看吧!
2020屆高考英語(yǔ)五大句型結(jié)構(gòu)語(yǔ)法
語(yǔ)法是組詞造句的規(guī)則,是把合適的詞放進(jìn)合適位置的語(yǔ)言(句子)規(guī)則,語(yǔ)法可以分成為兩大部分:分別為詞法和句法。詞法包括各類詞的形態(tài)及其變化,句法主要講句子的種類和類型,句子成分以及遣詞造句的規(guī)律。語(yǔ)法的精髓在于掌握語(yǔ)言的使用。下面有途網(wǎng)小編給大家分享一些英語(yǔ)最基礎(chǔ)的語(yǔ)法,希望能幫到你。
這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞,所謂不及物動(dòng)詞,就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。常見的動(dòng)詞如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如:
1) Li Ming works very hard.李明學(xué)習(xí)很努力。
2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午發(fā)生的。
3)Spring is coming.
4) We have lived in the city for ten years.
這種句型主要用來表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類:
(1)表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如:
1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來很可口。
2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。
(2)表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如:
1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了,天氣變得越來越暖和。
2) The tree has grown much taller than before.這棵樹比以前長(zhǎng)得高多了。
這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞, 所謂及物動(dòng)詞,就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語(yǔ),其賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來充當(dāng)。例:
1) He took his bag and left.(名詞) 他拿著書包離開了。
2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代詞)當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí),李雷總能給我?guī)椭?/p>
3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)她打算在即將到來的“五一”外出旅游。
4) I don’t know what I should do next. (從句)我不知道下一步該干什么。
注意:英語(yǔ)中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞,又是不及物動(dòng)詞。
這種句型中,直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ),表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰做的或?yàn)檎l做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名詞來充當(dāng);間接賓語(yǔ)也被稱之為第二賓語(yǔ),去掉之后,對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大,多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語(yǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如:
1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸給她買了一本詞典作為生日禮物。
2)The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長(zhǎng)征途中那些英雄的故事。 上述句子還可以表達(dá)為:
1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.
2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.
這種句型中的“賓語(yǔ) + 補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的主要作用或者是補(bǔ)充、說明賓語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等;或者表示讓賓語(yǔ)去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如:
1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. 你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。(形容詞)
2) We made him our monitor.(名詞)我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。
3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。
4)My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(現(xiàn)在分詞)
5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(過去分詞)
● 常見的動(dòng)詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。
● 注意:動(dòng)詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),不帶to。如:
1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項(xiàng)工作。
2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我聽見她在隔壁唱了一個(gè)晚上。
英語(yǔ)常用句型結(jié)構(gòu)大全
名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞;
名詞(代詞)+形容詞;
名詞(代詞)+副詞;
名詞(代詞)+不定式;
名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。
1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨(dú)立存在。
2)名詞或代詞與后面的分詞,形容詞,副詞,不定 式,介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。
3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考試結(jié)束了,我們開始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天氣允許,我們明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后,我們才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
會(huì)議結(jié)束后,每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里,耳朵凍壞了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夾著本厚書,走出了圖書館。
表伴隨時(shí),既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。
with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)
舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raise.
典型例題
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名詞(代詞)+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí),其主語(yǔ)常常用with來引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞"手"與分詞"綁"是被動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用過去分詞,選D.
注意:
1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題:
當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞,不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。
He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
典型例題:
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本題中沒有連詞,它不是復(fù)合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號(hào),且we 小寫,可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷,本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),其結(jié)構(gòu)為:名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為'天氣允許',表主動(dòng),應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞,故選B。
如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式,不妨將句子改為條件句,例如本句改為If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后將if 去掉,再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。
1.This is the last thing I would ever want to do.
這是我最不愿做的一件事情。
【析】“the last +to do;the last +定語(yǔ)從句”中的last的意思為“l(fā)east willing/likely”,譯為“最不愿意;最不可能”。
He's the last man I want to see.他是我最不想見的人。
He is the last person to tell a lie.他是最不可能撒謊的人。
She's the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner.她是我在宴會(huì)上最不愿與之挨著坐的女人。
2.One can't be too honest.
人越老實(shí)越好。
【析】句中“cannot...too...”意為“無論怎樣……也不過分”或“越……越好”。該句型中的not可以換成hardly,never或scarcely;too可以換成 over或enough等,意思不變。
You cannot be too careful.You cannot be over careful.=You cannot be careful enough.你越仔細(xì)越好。
A man can never have too many friends.朋友越多越好。
3.It's a wise man that never makes mistakes.
無論多么聰明的人,也難免犯錯(cuò)誤。
【析】“It is a +形容詞+名詞+that...”結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)特殊的習(xí)慣用法,意思是“無論怎樣的……也不……”。真正的句子意思與字面意思相反,它具有含蓄的讓步意味,切不可望文生義、譯成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。
It's a long lane that has no turning.無論怎樣長(zhǎng)的巷子也有轉(zhuǎn)彎處。(引申意義為:耐心等待終會(huì)時(shí)來運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。)
It's a good horse that never stumbles.再好的馬也有失前蹄的時(shí)候。(引申意義為:金無足赤,人無完人。)
4?I'm too anxious to know the result.
我極想知道結(jié)果。
【析】英語(yǔ)中“too...to...”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“太……以致不”的意思。例如:The star is too small to see.但是,如果too后形容詞表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、心理活動(dòng)、情感態(tài)度(常見的有g(shù)lad,easy,ready,anxious,eager, willing,happy等),并與其后的不定式構(gòu)成固定搭配,這時(shí)too含有肯定意義,表示“very,extremely”的意思。
They are too anxious to leave.他們急于離去。
Mr.Smith was too eager to see her.史密斯先生極想見到她。
5.It's three years since he was a teacher.
他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了。
【析】在“It is some time since +主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+其它成分?!边@一結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,那么時(shí)間的計(jì)算就從該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生開始算起。
It‘s three years since he joined the army.他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。
如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,時(shí)間就要從該動(dòng)作的結(jié)束算起。
It's many years since they lived here.他們不在這兒住已經(jīng)好多年了。
6.All that glitters is not gold.
閃光的東西不一定都是金子。
【析】在句中當(dāng)不定代詞all,both,every及 every的復(fù)合詞,副詞always,often,entirely與 not一起使用時(shí),表示部分否定,意思是“并非都是”,“不是每個(gè)人都”等。
I don't remember all these formulas.這些公式我并非全都記得。
Every man cannot do it.并非每個(gè)人都能做這個(gè)。
I don't entirely agree with you.我并不完全同意你的看法。
注意:當(dāng)all,both,every等詞和帶im-,in-,un-,dis-等表示否定意義的前綴的詞連用時(shí),表示全部否定的意義。
All your answers are incorrect.你所有的答案都不正確。
表示全部否定時(shí),我們常使用no,not,nobody,nothing,never,nowhere,neither等詞。
None of the teachers smoke.這些老師都不抽煙。
7.The mountain is not valuable because it is high.
山并不因?yàn)楦叨哂袃r(jià)值。(山不在高)
【析】含有原因狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句,形式上雖然否定主句的謂語(yǔ),然而意義上則是否定該原因狀語(yǔ),譯為“并不因?yàn)?hellip;…而……”。
You cannot walk away just because someone tells you he doesn't want to buy.你不能僅僅因?yàn)樗嬖V你不買就走開。
Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so.伽利略并不只是因?yàn)閬喞锼苟嗟抡f過某事如何如何,就輕易相信它。
8.I didn't pretend to understand what he said.
我假裝沒懂他說的話。
【析】常用動(dòng)詞pretend,happen的否定形式有兩種:既可以否定pretend,也可以否定其后的不定式,其意義不變。
I didn't happen to be there.=I happened not to be there.我恰巧不在那兒。
They didn't pretend to see me when I went by.=They pretended not to see me when I went by.當(dāng)我經(jīng)過的時(shí)候,他們假裝沒有看見我。
9?Let's have a rest under the big tree. It's nice and cool here.
讓我們?cè)诖髽湎滦獣?huì)吧。這兒很涼快。
【析】nice and,good and都表示“很,非常,完全”的意思。and前的形容詞實(shí)質(zhì)上起副詞作用,修飾后邊的形容詞,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
I am good and ready.我都準(zhǔn)備好了。
It is good and cold in the morning.早上非常冷。