英語(yǔ)詞性語(yǔ)法總結(jié)歸納
英語(yǔ)詞性語(yǔ)法總結(jié)歸納
英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法大家了解多少呢，對(duì)于英語(yǔ)來(lái)說(shuō)，我們第一步要了解的就是應(yīng)粗詞性的分類(lèi)，只有把詞性了解透徹了，我們?cè)陂喿x和寫(xiě)作當(dāng)中，才能夠出色的應(yīng)對(duì)考題，小編在這里整理了相關(guān)知識(shí)，快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
英語(yǔ)詞性語(yǔ)法總結(jié)歸納
一.名詞
I. 名詞的種類(lèi)：
專(zhuān)有名詞 | 普通名詞 | |||
國(guó)名.地名.人名， 團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱(chēng) | 可數(shù)名詞 | 不可數(shù)名詞 | ||
個(gè)體名詞 | 集體名詞 | 抽象名詞 | 物質(zhì)名詞 | |
II. 名詞的數(shù)：
1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：
名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：
規(guī)則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 一般情況在詞尾加-s | map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days | |
2 | 以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es | class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes | |
3 | 以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞 | 變-f和-fe為v再加-es | leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives |
加-s | belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs | ||
4 | 以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-es | party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities | |
5 | 以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-s | toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys | |
6 | 以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞 | 一般加-es | hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes |
不少外來(lái)詞加-s | piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos | ||
兩者皆可 | zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos | ||
7 | 以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-s | radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos | |
8 | 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-s | truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, | |
2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：
英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：
規(guī)則 | 例詞 | ||
1 | 改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式 | man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice | |
2 | 單復(fù)數(shù)相同 | sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, | |
3 | 只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 | ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents | |
4 | 一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù) | people, police, cattle, staff | |
5 | 部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員） | audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party | |
6 | 復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義 | customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟) | |
7 | 表示“某國(guó)人” | 加-s | Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans |
單復(fù)數(shù)同形 | Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese | ||
以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-women | Englishmen, Frenchwomen | ||
8 | 合成名詞 | 將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends |
無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches | ||
將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù) | women singers, men servants | ||
III. 名詞的所有格：
名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加’s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。
1. ’s所有格的構(gòu)成：
單數(shù)名詞在末尾加’s | the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo, | |
復(fù)數(shù)名詞 | 一般在末尾加’ | the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, |
不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加’s | the children’s toys, women’s rights, | |
以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ | Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house | |
表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加’s | Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes | |
表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加’s | Japan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father | |
表示＂某人家＂＂店鋪＂，所有格后名詞省略 | the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s | |
2. ’s所有格的用法：
１ | 表示時(shí)間 | today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday |
2 | 表示自然現(xiàn)象 | the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches |
3 | 表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞 | the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry |
4 | 表示工作群體 | the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory |
5 | 表示度量衡及價(jià)值 | a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples |
6 | 與人類(lèi)活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞 | the life’s time, the play’s plot |
7 | 某些固定詞組 | a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措) |
3. of所有格的用法：
用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students
用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed
二.冠詞
冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an)，定冠詞(the)，和零冠詞。
I. 不定冠詞的用法：
1 | 指一類(lèi)人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind of | A plane is a machine that can fly. |
2 | 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 | A boy is waiting for you. |
3 | 表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，one | We study eight hours a day. |
4 | 表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the same | We are nearly of an age. |
5 | 用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類(lèi)似性質(zhì)的人或事 | A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were out That boy is rather a Lei Feng. |
6 | 用于固定詞組中 | A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time |
7 | 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 | This room is rather a big one. |
8 | 用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后 | She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet. |
II. 定冠詞的用法：
1 | 表示某一類(lèi)人或物 | The horse is a useful animal. |
2 | 用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前 | the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean |
3 | 表示說(shuō)話(huà)雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事 | Would you mind opening the door? |
4 | 用于樂(lè)器前面 | play the violin, play the guitar |
5 | 用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類(lèi)人 | the reach, the living, the wounded |
6 | 表示“一家人”或“夫婦” | the Greens, the Wangs |
7 | 用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前 | He is the taller of the two children. |
8 | 用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前 | the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French |
9 | 用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前 | The compass was invented in China. |
10 | 在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代 | in the 1990’s |
11 | 用于表示單位的名詞前 | I hired the car by the hour. |
12 | 用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前 | He patted me on the shoulder. |
III. 零冠詞的用法：
1 | 專(zhuān)有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前 | Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air |
2 | 名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 | I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this? |
3 | 季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前 | March, Sunday, National Day, spring |
4 | 表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前 | Lincoln was made President of America. |
5 | 學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類(lèi)，棋類(lèi)名詞前 | He likes playing football/chess. |
6 | 與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前 | by train, by air, by land |
7 | 以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí) | husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night |
8 | 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前 | Horses are useful animals. |
三.代詞：
I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類(lèi)：
1 | 人稱(chēng)代詞 | 主格 | I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they |
賓格 | me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them | ||
2 | 物主代詞 | 形容詞性 | my, your, his, her, its, our, their |
名詞性 | mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs | ||
3 | 反身代詞 | myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves | |
4 | 指示代詞 | this, that, these, those, such, some | |
5 | 疑問(wèn)代詞 | who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever | |
6 | 關(guān)系代詞 | that, which, who, whom, whose, as | |
7 | 不定代詞 | one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, | |
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either | |||
II. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：
1. one, some與any:
1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。
One should learn to think of others.
Have you any bookmarks? No, I don’t have any bookmarks.
I have some questions to ask.
2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。
Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?
3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。
I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.
4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。
There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?
2. each和every:
each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。
Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.
Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.
3. none和no：
no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。
There is no water in the bottle.
How much water is there in the bottle? None.
None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.
4. other和another:
1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way,
the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：
He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.
Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.
2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：
I don’t like this shirt, please show me another (one).
The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.
Some like football, while others like basketball.
5. all和both, neither和either
all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.
All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.
Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.
四.形容詞和副詞
I. 形容詞：
1. 形容詞的位置：
1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：
1 | 修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí) | nobody absent, everything possible |
2 | 以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后 | the best book available, the only solution possible |
3 | alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置 | the only person awake |
4 | 和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí) | a bridge 50 meters long |
5 | 成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置 | a huge room simple and beautiful |
6 | 形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置 | a man difficult to get on with |
2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：
代詞 | 數(shù)詞 | 性狀形容詞 | ||||||||
冠詞前的形容詞 | 冠詞 指示代詞 不定代詞 代詞所有格 | 序數(shù)詞 | 基數(shù)詞 | 性質(zhì) 狀態(tài) | 大小 長(zhǎng)短 形狀 | 新舊 溫度 | 顏色 | 國(guó)籍 產(chǎn)地 | 材料 質(zhì)地 | 名詞 |
all both such | the a this another your | second next | one four | beautiful good poor | large short square | new cool | black yellow | Chinese London | silk stone | |
3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：
1 | 形容詞+名詞+ed | kind-hearted | 6 | 名詞+形容詞 | world-famous |
2 | 形容詞+形容詞 | dark-blue | 7 | 名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | peace-loving |
3 | 形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | ordinary-looking | 8 | 名詞+過(guò)去分詞 | snow-covered |
4 | 副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 | hard-working | 9 | 數(shù)詞+名詞+ed | three-egged |
5 | 副詞+過(guò)去分詞 | newly-built | 10 | 數(shù)詞+名詞 | twenty-year |
II. 副詞
副詞的分類(lèi)：
1 | 時(shí)間副詞 | soon, now, early, finally, once, recently | 5 | 頻度副詞 | always, often, frequently, seldom, never |
2 | 地點(diǎn)副詞 | here, nearby, outside, upwards, above | 6 | 疑問(wèn)副詞 | how, where, when, why |
3 | 方式副詞 | hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really | 7 | 連接副詞 | how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile |
4 | 程度副詞 | almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather | 8 | 關(guān)系副詞 | when, where, why |
III. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：
形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。
1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…如：I am not so good a player as you are.
2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。
3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the more…the more…”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.
4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.
5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：
Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.
6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒(méi)有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。
讓孩子們?cè)谑罴偈芤娣藴\(雙語(yǔ)閱讀)
How to make your children have a lot benefited on summer vacation?
怎樣讓孩子們?cè)谑罴偈芤娣藴\呢?
1. Remind them of previous times they overcame a fear
他們克服了恐懼的時(shí)候提醒他們
Reminding your child of a previous occasion where they were afraid to try something, but ended up enjoying it, can give them a little boost of confidence in their own abilities.
提醒你的孩子以前他們害怕嘗試，但最終享受了它，可以給他們一個(gè)小表?yè)P(yáng)來(lái)提高他們對(duì)自己的能力的信心。
2. Avoid comparing them to others
避免把他們與別人進(jìn)行比較
Focus on your child, and what fears it is that they are aiming to overcome. Making continual comparisons to other kids can be unhelpful and may make your child feel inadequate.
關(guān)注你的孩子，看看他們害怕什么。讓其他孩子與你的孩子持續(xù)的比較可以說(shuō)是無(wú)益的，還可能會(huì)讓你的孩子感到不滿(mǎn)足。
3. Teach them to recognize valid fears
教他們正確的認(rèn)識(shí)恐懼
While overcoming fears is important, we need to remember that some fears are perfectly valid and healthy. If your child is afraid of jumping into a river full of crocodiles, then that’s good, that’s a fear that you don’t want them to overcome. Teach them to recognize the difference between important life-saving fears, and irrational fears, by talking through risks and consequences.
然而克服恐懼是很重要的，但我們需要記住一些恐懼是完全有效和健康的。如果你的孩子害怕跳入有很多鱷魚(yú)的河中，那很好，這是一個(gè)你不想讓他們克服的恐懼。通過(guò)討論風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和后果來(lái)教他們識(shí)別重要的拯救生命的恐懼，和非理性的恐懼的區(qū)別。
4. Show them how facing a fear can be done in small steps
告訴他們?nèi)绾瓮ㄟ^(guò)小的步驟面對(duì)恐懼
Sometimes the best way to overcome a fear is to leap right into it, other times though it’s better to tackle it slowly and gently. Be guided by your child on this, if the fear is overwhelming for them, then show them how it can be approached in small stages, only moving on to the next stage when a certain comfort level is reached. Plan the stages with them ahead of time so that they are clear on what is going to happen, and don’t spring surprises on them or they won’t trust you next time.
有時(shí)克服恐懼最好的辦法就是飛躍跳過(guò)，其他時(shí)候最好慢慢地輕輕地解決它。通過(guò)這樣來(lái)引導(dǎo)你的孩子，如果他們的恐懼是壓倒性的，然后向他們展示如何走近一小步，只有移動(dòng)到下一個(gè)能達(dá)到一定的舒適度階段。提前計(jì)劃，以便他們清楚會(huì)發(fā)生什么，也不要有什么驚喜否則下次他們不會(huì)信任你。
5. Constantly remind them that they’re not alone
不斷地提醒他們，他們并不孤單
Probably the most important one is to remind them regularly that they don’t have to face their fears alone. If they feel secure in the knowledge that you will be there for them whatever the outcome, this will grow their fearless mindset and help give them the confidence to move forward.
最重要的是不斷地提醒他們，他們不必獨(dú)自面對(duì)他們的恐懼。如果他們覺(jué)得安全，無(wú)論他們結(jié)果如何，你都會(huì)在這里，這將增加他們的無(wú)所畏懼的心態(tài)，幫助增加他們前進(jìn)的信心。
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