初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法大全
介詞在初中英語(yǔ)考試中是必考知識(shí)點(diǎn),不少同學(xué)對(duì)介詞的分類(lèi)、用法都非常的模糊不知道那種情況用什么樣的介詞,下面為大家整理出來(lái)介詞的具體分類(lèi)和用法大全,幫助大家提升對(duì)介詞的認(rèn)識(shí)。
初中英語(yǔ)介詞用法大全,介詞用法歸納匯總
介詞的定義
介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立充當(dāng)句子成分,需與動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞搭配,才能在句子中充當(dāng)成分。
介詞是用于名詞或代詞之前,表示詞與詞之間關(guān)系的詞類(lèi),介詞常與動(dòng)詞、形容詞和名詞搭配表示不同意義。
介詞短語(yǔ)中介詞后接名詞、代詞或可以替代名詞的詞(如:動(dòng)名詞v-ing).介詞后的代詞永遠(yuǎn)為賓格形式。
介詞的分類(lèi)
一、表示時(shí)間的介詞
(一)表示時(shí)間段的介詞
(1)in , after
in +時(shí)間段,表示從現(xiàn)在起往后推算一段時(shí)間
after +時(shí)間段,表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間往后推算一段時(shí)間,如:
He’ll come back in two days. 但點(diǎn)鐘用after( after three o’clock)
He left on July 2 and returned after three days.
(2)in , during
表示在一段特指的時(shí)間內(nèi),可用in 或during
The work was done in / during the holidays.
表示年份、月份、季節(jié)用in , 如:in 1999 ,in June , in winter
(3)in last, for the past + 時(shí)間段, during
表示在最近一段時(shí)間內(nèi),句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
I have been in Shanghai in the last few years.
(4)for 表示延續(xù)一段時(shí)間。
I’ll study in the U.S for two years
I’ve waited for Bingo for half an hour.
(二)表示某一時(shí)間的介詞
(1)at, on
at 表示某一時(shí)刻,on 表示某一天或日期, 如:
at 7:14, on Saturday morning on the night of May2
一天內(nèi)各段時(shí)間表達(dá), 選用正確的介詞,請(qǐng)比較:
in the morning
on a winter / snow / cold / morning
at night
on the night of March 7th
in the evening
on Friday evening
(2)before, by
before 表示某一時(shí)間之前,而by 表示到某一時(shí)間止,句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用完成時(shí)態(tài)。如::You must get up before six. 你必須六點(diǎn)之前起床。
By the end of last month the boy had got 4 “As”.
到上月底這個(gè)男孩已得了4個(gè)A.
(3)after , since
after 可以表示過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間之后,并不延續(xù)說(shuō)話時(shí)間,和一般過(guò)去連用,而since表示從過(guò)去某時(shí)間開(kāi)始的一段時(shí)間延續(xù)到說(shuō)話時(shí)間, 與現(xiàn)在完時(shí)連用 如;
My father lived in Shanghai after liberation .
解放后我父親住在上海.
Since the end of last year the lady has given five concerts.
自去年年底以來(lái),這位女士開(kāi)了五十場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)
(4)from…to, until / till
from----to表示從某一點(diǎn)時(shí)間到另一點(diǎn)時(shí)間的一段時(shí)間,而until till 表示某動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到某點(diǎn)時(shí)間如:
My mother studied in Beijing University from 1960 to 1964.
從1960年到1964年我媽媽在北京大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)。
My mother entered Beijing University in 1960, and studied there until 1964.
我媽媽1960年進(jìn)入北京大學(xué),一直學(xué)習(xí)到1964年。(但“從早到晚”常表達(dá)為from morning till night)
(三)不用介詞表示時(shí)間的詞或詞組
含this, that, last, next 的表示時(shí)間的名詞詞組,以及某些時(shí)間的副詞或名詞詞組前不用介詞,如:this year last summer, yesterday , the day after tomorrow 等。
二、表示事物之間位置的介詞
(1)at, in
當(dāng)事物被視作一點(diǎn),不強(qiáng)調(diào)其空間常用介詞at, 而表示空間內(nèi)部用介詞in, 如:
We’ll meet at the supermarket 我們?cè)诔幸?jiàn)面
I had to stay in the supermarket as it was raining hard
因?yàn)橄麓笥?,我只好呆在超市?/p>
動(dòng)詞arrive 后接at ,表示較小的地方, 如: 車(chē)站、村莊等.后接in 表示較大地方,如: 城市,地區(qū)等
(2)in, to
in 表示事物在區(qū)域范圍內(nèi)的位置,to 表示事物對(duì)區(qū)域范圍之外另一事物的位置,如:
Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中國(guó)東部
Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中國(guó)東面。
in front of 表示在前面,一般不在范圍內(nèi),in the front of 表示在前面.在同一范圍內(nèi)。
(3)after, behind
after 指順序先后 ,behind 指位置在某事物之后,相對(duì)于in front of 而言, 如:
He entered the classroom after the teacher
He hid himself behind the door 他在門(mén)后。
(4)on , in
on 表示“在某事物表面上”。如將事物看作空間,表示在其內(nèi)部,用介詞in。
There is a modern painting on the wall .
There is a modern painting on the wall .
(5)from , off 都表示“離開(kāi)”
(6)above , over, below , under
over , under 表示垂直的上下關(guān)系,而above, below 僅表示位置上“高于”或“低于”, 不表示垂直關(guān)系。
(7)between, among
between 表示“兩個(gè)事物之間”, among 表示“三者以上的事物之間”。
三、表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的介詞
(1)into, inside , in 從外到內(nèi) 如:
He went quickly into / inside the room.
He went quickly into / inside the room.
(2)out of 從里到外,相當(dāng)于outside, 或從里向外,相當(dāng)于from
She went out of from the office in a hurry 她匆匆走出辦公室.
The boy watched the buses, cars and bikes out from the window .
這男孩透過(guò)窗觀看外面的公交車(chē)、小汽車(chē)和自行車(chē)。
(3)on 在……表面,onto 到……上
A boat is on the river. 一條小船在河上。
He jumped onto a tree. 他跳上一棵樹(shù)
(4)across 穿過(guò)一平面、through 穿過(guò)一空間
The boy kicked the ball hard and it moved across the grass.
這男孩用力踢球,球飛過(guò)草地。
The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火車(chē)飛駛隧道。
(5)The train moved fast through the tunnel. 火車(chē)飛駛隧道。
She walked to the bank 她步行到銀行去
She swam towards the shore 她朝岸邊游去。
四、常用介詞用法比較
(1)as , like
as 表示“作為”強(qiáng)調(diào)身份,like (介詞)表示“像”
As a teacher, he cares for these children.
Like a teacher, he cares for these children.
(2)with , in
with 表示“外貌特征或附帶的東西” ,“ 用……作工具”
in 表示”衣著” ”用某語(yǔ)言”, 在固定搭配中也可用in
A man with dark glasses wanted to buy drinks.
A man in black wanted to buy drinks.
The boy is learning to write in pencil / with a pencil.
He retold the text in English.
(3)for , to
for表示“為了.”
To 表示動(dòng)作對(duì)象, “對(duì), 向.” 如:
He would do anything for his motherland.
Did you mention this to my father?
你對(duì)我父親提起過(guò)這件事嗎?
for 表示“就某情況而說(shuō) ”, to 表示一“對(duì)某對(duì)象而言”如:
It’s quite warm today for February.就二月的天氣,今天夠暖和的。
What he told you just now was not new to me
他剛才對(duì)你所說(shuō)的話對(duì)我并不新鮮
for 表示“目的,用途”。與go, come動(dòng)詞連用,
(4)except , besides
except 表示“從總體中排除一部分”, 與bat 同義, besides 表示“除了一部分還有另一部分”
We all failed except him. 我們都失敗了,但他沒(méi)有。
He speaks German besides French.他懂法外還會(huì)講英語(yǔ)。
(5)注意成對(duì)介詞的用法:
get into (out of ) the car, get on (off) the bus, jump onto (off) the platform, out of
(6)介詞和名詞動(dòng)詞等有不少固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法:
to one’s surprise / joy, in charge of , instead of, in bed (hospital), in trouble, in a hurry, in surprise, with a smile, with one voice, according to, at once, on time, in time, in all, at home, (school, work), at last, at least, in the end, by the way, for example, at the same time, at the same speed, on one’s way (to), in the sun, on the football team, in line, with the help of, in red / green … put on, look for, look after, run after, send for, enter for, pay for, show…around, listen to, arrive in / at, get to, agree with, succeed in, think of (about), wait for,….
(7)表示加減乘除,分別用介詞plus, minus, times 和動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞divided + by
復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)需要注意的要點(diǎn)
(1) 介詞一般放在名詞之前,但它后面的介詞賓語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)代詞、疑問(wèn)副詞或者關(guān)系代詞時(shí),這些詞提到了前面而只剩下介詞在后了。
(2) 介詞和動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞等常常構(gòu)成固定搭配,也就是說(shuō),在這些詞的后面常常要求用一定的介詞。這一點(diǎn)在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)要特別注意。如:
a.動(dòng)詞+介詞:laugh at, wait for
b.形容詞、過(guò)去分詞+介詞:be good at, be prond of
c. 名詞+介詞:pay a visit to , the key to
介詞的實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練
例1 We will play football three o’clock.
A. In B. After
C. To D. since
答案: B
提示: 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的介詞都可以表示時(shí)間,但含義和用法不同。in常用來(lái)表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的將來(lái)一段時(shí)間之后,after?可表示從過(guò)去為起點(diǎn)的一段時(shí)間之后,通常與過(guò)去時(shí)連用。但要注意after?也可以表示將來(lái)某一特定時(shí)刻之后。本題里after表示將來(lái)某一特定時(shí)刻。
例2 The story took place a cold night.
A. in B. after
C. to D. since
答案: B
提示: on通常指特定時(shí)期:或表示某一天的上午,下午,晚上等。句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)a cold night已表明在某個(gè)寒冷的夜晚,其前面應(yīng)使用介詞on。
例3 We will play football three o’clock.
A. In B. After
C. To D. since
答案: B
提示: 這四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的介詞都可以表示時(shí)間,但含義和用法不同。in常用來(lái)表示以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn)的將來(lái)一段時(shí)間之后,after?可表示從過(guò)去為起點(diǎn)的一段時(shí)間之后,通常與過(guò)去時(shí)連用。但要注意after?也可以表示將來(lái)某一特定時(shí)刻之后。本題里after表示將來(lái)某一特定時(shí)刻。
例4 The story took place a cold night.
A. in B. after
C. to D. since
答案: B
提示: on通常指特定時(shí)期:或表示某一天的上午,下午,晚上等。句中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)a cold night已表明在某個(gè)寒冷的夜晚,其前面應(yīng)使用介詞on。
例5 This is the bus the People’s Park.
A. at B. for
C. to D. towards
答案: B
提示: 四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的介詞表達(dá)的意義不同。at表示“在某處,在……旁邊”,for表示“(動(dòng)身)去……處”,to表示“到……某處”,towards表示“向……某處”。
例6 —Are your parents workers?
—No, is a worker.
A. neither B. none
C. either D. both
答案: A
提示: neither是對(duì)兩個(gè)人或事物的否定,謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)形式;而both則是對(duì)兩個(gè)人或事物的肯定,謂語(yǔ)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
例7 The work cost us more than five weeks.(保持原意)
more than five weeks the work.
答案: We spent, on
提示: cost表示花費(fèi)時(shí)間,只能用表示事物的詞作主語(yǔ),而spend也表示花費(fèi)時(shí)句子主語(yǔ)必須是人。注意spend…on,表示在某事上花費(fèi)。
例8 Beijing has a lot of old buildings. It also has a lot of new ones.(合并一句)
答案: Beijing has not only a lot of old buildings but also a lot of new ones
提示: 這道題主要掌握表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的連詞詞組。
例9 My brother likes skating.I like swimming.(合并一句)
答案: My brother likes skating but I like swimming.
提示: 這道題的兩個(gè)句子主語(yǔ)不是同一個(gè)人,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后的部分也不同,實(shí)際上是把喜歡的內(nèi)容由一個(gè)方面轉(zhuǎn)到另一個(gè)方面,所以用but把兩個(gè)句子連接起來(lái)。
例10 He is too young to join the army.(改復(fù)合句)
答案: He is so young that he can’t join the army.
提示: so...that表示否定時(shí)可與too…to轉(zhuǎn)換。
例11 There is a hole the wall.
A. in B. on
C. of D. with
答案: A
提示: 在墻的里面,用in the wall,而on the wall指在墻的表面上。
例12 English names are different Chinese names.
A. between B. of
C. from D. about
答案: C
提示: be different from表示“與……不同”,是一個(gè)固定詞組。
例13 We always have a class meeting Monday afternoon.
A. at B. on
C. in D. of
答案: B
提示: 在某天的上午下午或晚上,介詞應(yīng)使用0n。
例14 Please write it ink
A. with B. in
C. by D. of
答案: B
提示: 如果表示用墨水寫(xiě)該用in,不能用with。
例15 I’ll return the book to the library I finish reading it
A. when B. if
C. as soon as D. as
答案: C
提示: 此句意思為我一看完這本書(shū)就還給圖書(shū)館,as 。
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