初中英語語法專題代詞與常用動詞
初中英語語法專題代詞與常用動詞
代詞是常見的英語詞匯之一,在占據(jù)了大部分的位置,基本復(fù)雜句都會用到代詞。到底如何學(xué)習(xí)好英語?小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料,快來學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
初中英語語法專題代詞
代詞
一、代詞的分類:
英語中代詞分為:人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、關(guān)系代詞、疑問代詞、連接代詞和不定代詞等等。
二、人稱代詞:
人稱代詞代替人和事物的名稱,分為主格和賓格兩種形式。
1、主格用來作句子的主語、表語。如: I often go shopping on Sundays.(星期天我常去購物) / Are they from Brazil?(他們是巴西人嗎?) / Where have they gone?(他們上哪兒去了?) / That’s it.(就那么回事) / It’s he!(是他!)
2、賓格用來作及物動詞或者介詞的賓語。如:Who teaches you English this year?(今年誰教你們的英語?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我們常給他寫信)
3、人稱代詞作表語或者放在比較狀語從句連詞than或as之后時(shí),可以用主格形式,也可以用賓格形式,口語中大多用賓格。如:--Who is it?(是誰?) –It’s I/me.(是我。)
4、 三個(gè)不同人稱同時(shí)出現(xiàn),或者主語中包含“我”時(shí),按照“you→he→I”的順序表達(dá)。如:
Both he and I are working at that computer company.(我和他都在那家電腦公司上班) –Who will go there?(誰要去那兒?) –You and me.(你和我)
5、 人稱代詞it除了可以指人指物之外,還可以表示“時(shí)間、天氣、溫度、距離、情況”等含義,此外還可以作“非人稱代詞”使用,替代作主語或者賓語的不定式、動名詞或者名詞性從句。如:--What’s the weather like today?(今天天氣怎樣?)—It’s fine.(天氣晴好) / --What’s the time?(幾點(diǎn)啦?) –It’s 12:00.(12點(diǎn)) / It’s a long way to go.(那可要走好長的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打掃屋子花了他三天的時(shí)間) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into space.(很顯然,公眾想知道這些人什么時(shí)候能進(jìn)入太空) / We found it very difficult to learn a foreign language well.(我們發(fā)覺要學(xué)好一門外語是非常困難的)
三、物主代詞:
說明事物所屬關(guān)系的代詞,分為形容詞性和名詞性兩種。
1、形容詞性物主代詞
只能作句子中名詞的修飾語,后面要跟名詞。如:
Is that your umbrella?(那是你的傘嗎?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我經(jīng)常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他們的書)
2、名詞性物主代詞
相當(dāng)于名詞,既代替事物又表明所屬關(guān)系,在句子中往往獨(dú)立地作主語、賓語或者表語,后面千萬不可以跟名詞。如:
This is your cup,but where is mine?(這是你的杯子,可我的在哪兒?) / Your classroom is very big, but ours is rather small.(你們的教室很大,我們的相當(dāng)小)
3、“of + 名詞性物主代詞”
稱為雙重所有格,作定語時(shí)放在名詞的后面。如:
A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一個(gè)朋友昨天來看我了) (指若干朋友中有一個(gè)來看我。)
[試比較] My friend came to see me yesterday.(我的朋友昨天來看我了)(指我的那個(gè)特定的朋友來看我。)
4、反身代詞:
表示謂語的動作與主語有關(guān)或者賓語補(bǔ)足語的動作與賓語有關(guān)。
a、反身代詞在句子中作賓語表示反射(指一個(gè)動作回到該動作執(zhí)行者本身)。如:
Don’t play with the knife, you might hurt yourself.(不要玩刀子,那會割傷你的)
b、在句子中作同位語表示強(qiáng)調(diào)(即用來強(qiáng)調(diào)名詞或代詞的語氣)。如:
The story itself is good. Only he didn’t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他沒有講好)
5、 指示代詞:
指示說明近處或者遠(yuǎn)處、上文或者下文、以前或者現(xiàn)在的人或事物。
指示代詞既可以單獨(dú)使用做句子的主語、賓語或表語,也可以作定語修飾名詞。如:
What’s this?(這是什么?) / That model plane is made of plastic.(那只模型飛機(jī)是塑料做的)(被動句) / Remember never to do such things.(記得永遠(yuǎn)不要做這樣的事情) / Do the same as the teacher tells you. (按老師說的做)/ ---Who is it?(是誰?) ---It’s me!(是我!)
6、關(guān)系代詞:
用來引導(dǎo)定語從句的代詞叫關(guān)系代詞,參見后面的定語從句。
a、關(guān)系代詞who 、which、 that 、whom 等,將定語從句和主句連接起來。英語中的關(guān)系代詞一方面在從句中擔(dān)任一定的成分,另一方面又起連接作用。
如:The student who is drawing a picture is in Grade One.(正在畫畫的學(xué)生是一年級的)
b、關(guān)系代詞who / whom指人,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:Do you know the manwho is wearing a red hat? (你認(rèn)識那個(gè)戴著紅帽子的男人嗎?)
c、關(guān)系代詞which 指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:Have you found the book which you lost several days ago?(你找到幾天前丟失的那本書了嗎?)
d、關(guān)系代詞that既可指人也可指物,如果作從句的賓語,則有時(shí)省略。如:Can you see the man/dog that is running along the river bank ?(你看得見順著河跑的男人/狗了嗎?)
7、連接代詞:
用來引導(dǎo)賓語從句、主語從句或表語從句的連接詞稱連接代詞。
英語中連接代詞主要有:what(什么),who(誰),whom(誰),which(哪個(gè)),whose(誰的)。詳見相應(yīng)從句。
8、不定代詞:
代替或修飾不特指的人或事物的代詞叫不定代詞。
※ 注:復(fù)合不定代詞有12個(gè):something(某事), someone(某人), somebody(某人), anything
(任何事), anyone(任何人), anybody(任何人), nothing(沒事),nobody(沒有人), no one(沒有人), everything(一切), everyone(每個(gè)人), everybody(每個(gè)人).
(1)some和 any 的用法:
some一般用于肯定句中,意思是“幾個(gè)”、“一些”、“某個(gè)”作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞。如:I have some work to do today. (今天我有些事情要做)/ They will go there some day.(他們有朝一日會去那兒)
some 用于疑問句時(shí),表示建議、請求或希望得到肯定回答。如:Would you like some coffee with sugar?(你要加糖的咖啡嗎?)
any 一般用于疑問句或否定句中,意思是“任何一些”、“任何一個(gè)”,作定語時(shí)可修飾可數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞。如:They didn’t have any friends here. (他們在這里沒有朋友)/ Have you got any questions to ask?(你有問題要問嗎?)
any 用于肯定句時(shí),意思是“任何的”。Come here with any friend.(隨便帶什么朋友來吧。)
(2)no和none的用法:
no是形容詞,只能作定語表示,意思是“沒有”,修飾可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))或不可數(shù)名詞。如:There is no time left. Please hurry up.(沒有時(shí)間了,請快點(diǎn)) / They had no reading books to lend.(他們沒有閱讀用書可以出借)
none只能獨(dú)立使用,在句子中可作主語、賓語和表語,意思是“沒有一個(gè)人(或事物)”,表示復(fù)數(shù)或單數(shù)。如:None of them is/are in the classroom.(他們當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)在教室里) / I have many books, but none is interesting.(我有很多的書,但沒有一本是有趣的)
(3)all和both的用法:
all指三者或三者以上的人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞;也可用來代替或修飾不可數(shù)名詞。
both指兩個(gè)人或物,用來代替或修飾可數(shù)名詞。all和both在句子中作主語、賓語、表語、定語等。如:I know all of the four British students in their school.(他們學(xué)校里四個(gè)英國學(xué)生我全認(rèn)識) / --Would you like this one or that one? –Both.(你要這個(gè)還是那個(gè)?兩個(gè)都要。)
all和both既可以修飾名詞(all/both+(the)+名詞),也可以獨(dú)立使用,采用“all/both + of the +名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”的形式,其中的of 可以省略。如:All (of) (the) boys are naughty.(是男孩都調(diào)皮)
(4)every和each用法:
every是形容詞,只能作定語修飾單數(shù)名詞,意思是“每一個(gè)”,表示整體概念;
each是形容詞、代詞,可用作主語、賓語、定語等,意思是“每個(gè)”或者“各個(gè)”,表示單個(gè)概念;each可以放在名詞前,可以后跟of短語,與動詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)時(shí)要放在“be動詞、助動詞、情態(tài)動詞”之后或者行為動詞之前
every和each都用作單數(shù)理解,但是下文中既可以用單數(shù)的代詞(如he/him/his)也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的代詞(如they/them/their)替代。如:Every one of the students in his class studies very hard.(他班上每個(gè)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)都很用功) / They are very busy. Each of them has something to do.(他們很忙,人人都有事干)
(5)either和neither的用法:
either意思是“兩個(gè)中間的任何一個(gè)”;neither是either的否定形式,意思是“兩個(gè)都不”。
neither和either在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語等,都用作單數(shù)。如:I don’t care much for what to drink. Either of the two will do. (我不介意喝些什么,兩個(gè)之中隨便哪個(gè)都行) / --Will you go there by bus or by car? –Neither. I will go there by train.(你坐公車去還是坐轎車去?一個(gè)都不坐,我坐火車去。)
(6)other、the other和another的用法:
other意思是“另一”、“另一些”,有復(fù)數(shù)形式。在句子中可作主語、賓語和定語。another意思是“另外”、“又一個(gè)”,表示增加,在句中可作賓語和定語。如:
Some girls are singing under the big apple tree and others are sitting on the grass talking.(有些女孩在大蘋果樹下唱歌,別的就躺在草地上說話) / You have had several cakes. Do you really want another one?(你已經(jīng)吃了好幾塊餅子了,你真的還要一塊?) / I want another four books.(我還要四本書)
another(另外的,再一,又一)與the other(另外的一個(gè)) 主要從數(shù)量上區(qū)分,只有兩個(gè)時(shí)用the other,在原先基礎(chǔ)上增加用another。如:This is one of your socks. Where is the other one?(這是你的一只襪子,還有一只呢?) / I have eaten 4 cakes, but I still want another.(我已經(jīng)吃了4塊蛋糕,但是我還要以塊。)
others與the others的主要區(qū)別:others指“剩余的人/物”(指大部分);the others指“其余的人/物”,(指全部)。如:A few students are playing soccer while others are watching them.(有幾個(gè)學(xué)生在踢足球,其他一些人在觀看) / Two of the ten boys are standing and the others are sitting round them.(十個(gè)男孩中有兩個(gè)站著,其他人都圍著他們坐著。)
(7)many和much的用法:
many意思是“很多”,與可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)連用;much意思是“很多”,與不可數(shù)名詞連用。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語等。如:I don’t have many friends here.(在這里我沒有很多的朋友。) /Many died in the bus accident.(許多人在公交車禍中喪失) / We can learn much with the help of him.(在他的幫助之下我們能學(xué)到很多)
many和much一般用于否定句,肯定句中通常用a lot of 或者lots of; many / much用于肯定句時(shí)可以在前面加上so、very或too.如:There are a lot of people on the playground.(操場上有許多的人)/ They haven’t got much work to do.(他們沒有多少事情可做) / There are too many people in the room.(房間里人太多了。)
(8)few、little、a few、a little的用法:
few、little意思是“很少幾個(gè)”、“幾乎沒有”,有否定的意思,a few、a little意思是“有幾個(gè)”、“有些”,有肯定的意思 ;few、a few與可數(shù)名詞連用或代替可數(shù)的事物, little、a little與不可數(shù)名詞連用或代替不可數(shù)的事物。它們在句中可作主語、賓語和定語。如:
He is very poor and he has little money.(他很窮,幾乎沒有什么錢。) / Don’t worry. There is still a little time left.(別著急,還有一點(diǎn)兒時(shí)間呢。) / In that polar region there live few people.(在那個(gè)極地地區(qū)幾乎不住人) / You can get a few sweets from him.(你可以從他那兒弄到一些糖果)
(9)復(fù)合不定代詞
somebody ,something ,anything, nothing ,everything, everybody等是由some , any ,no ,every, 加上body, thing 構(gòu)成的,叫做復(fù)合不定代詞,在句子中當(dāng)單數(shù)使用。
somebody, something, someone 一般用于肯定句中;anything, anybody,anyone一般用于疑問句、否定句和條件狀語從句中。修飾復(fù)合不定代詞的定語,應(yīng)放在它們的后面。如:Hey,Lily. There is someone outside the door.(嗨,麗麗,門外有人。) /Di(每個(gè)人)d you meet anyone when you came to school last Sunday?(上個(gè)星期天你來學(xué)校時(shí)見到什么人了嗎?)/He has nothing much to do today.(他今天沒有多少事情做)
(10)one與ones
用來代替上文的一個(gè)或多個(gè)人或事物,前面可以加冠詞、形容詞、指示代詞、which等。如:Which jacket would you like, this one or that one?(你要哪件夾克,這件還是那件? / I don’t like the green ones.(我不喜歡綠色的那些)
(11)so
可以代替一件事情,作句子的賓語或表語。如:I don’t think so.(我認(rèn)為不是這樣的。) / He lost a book. So did I.(他丟失了一本書,我也是。)
(12)a lot of、lots of、
a number of( /large numbers of)、a great deal of、plenty of的區(qū)別:五個(gè)“名詞+介詞”短語都表示“大量,許多”,a lot of(或lots of)既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,可以相應(yīng)地?fù)Q為much和many;plenty of“足夠、大量”,既可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞也可以修飾可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。a number of / large numbers of只可以修飾可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式)可以換為some、many、a lot of、plenty of。a great deal of只可以修飾不可數(shù)名詞(它修飾的詞作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式)可以換為much。
如:A lot of people think that time is money.(許多的人認(rèn)為時(shí)間就是金錢。) / I don’t have to do it in a hurry because I have plenty of time.(我用不著趕忙,因?yàn)槲矣谐渥愕臅r(shí)間。) / I have a number of letters to write today.(今天我有好多信要寫) / I spend a great deal of time/money on shopping.(在購物方面我花費(fèi)了大量的時(shí)間/金錢。)
(13)none、no one、nobody的區(qū)別:
no one和nobody都表示“沒有人”,僅指人,后面不跟of 短語,作主語時(shí)謂語用單數(shù)形式;none表示“沒有一個(gè)人/物”,可指人也可以指物,后面可跟of短語,作主語時(shí)謂語可用單數(shù)也可用復(fù)數(shù)。如:No one knows how he managed to get the ticket.(沒有人知道他是怎樣搞到那張票的) / Nobody handed in his/their composition(s) yesterday.(昨天沒有一個(gè)人交作文。) / None of my friends came to see me that day.(那天沒有一個(gè)朋友來看我。)
9、相互代詞:
表示相互關(guān)系的詞叫相互代詞。
each other ,one another是相互代詞,譯成“互相”,可以通用。each other表示兩者之間,而one anther表示許多人之間。它們有所有格形式each other’s ,one another’s。如: We must help each other when we are in trouble.(我們身處困境時(shí)要互相幫助。) / They sat there without talking to one another / each other.(他們坐在那兒,互相都不說話。)
10、疑問代詞:
用來提出問題的代詞稱為疑問代詞。
1、who、whom、whose、what、which、whoever、whatever、whichever主要用于特殊疑問句中,一般放在句首。口語中也常用who代替whom作賓語,但在介詞后則只能用whom。如:
Who(m) did you invite to your birthday party?(你都邀請了誰參加你的生日聚會的?) /What does she want to be when she grows up?(她長大了想干什么?)
2、who 和whom只能獨(dú)立使用,其中who可以作句子的主語、表語或動詞的賓語,whom只能作謂語動詞的賓語;而what、which、whose等既可以獨(dú)立使用作主語、表語和賓語,也可以與名詞構(gòu)成疑問短語。如: Who is that man?(那男的是誰?) / What colour are their hats?(他們的帽子是什么顏色?) / Which car was made in Germany?(哪輛車是德國造的?)(被動句)
注意這個(gè)提問:The man in the car is my father.(車?yán)锏哪腥耸俏腋赣H)→Which man is your father?(哪個(gè)男人是你的父親?)
3、which除了可以詢問指代的情況之外,還可以針對說明人物的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、歲數(shù)、顏色、大小、狀況等進(jìn)行提問。如:People there live a very sad life.(那里的人生活凄慘) →Which people live a sad life? (哪些人生活凄慘?)/ --Which hotel have you booked for your holiday?(為了度假你預(yù)訂了哪家旅館?)—The biggest one in Haikou.(??谧畲蟮哪羌衣灭^)
4、疑問代詞不分單復(fù)數(shù),視它所替代的人或事物決定單復(fù)數(shù),但是通常用單數(shù);如果修飾名詞,則以名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。如:Who is (are) in that playhouse?(誰在游戲房里?) / What is that? (那是什么?)/ What are those? (那些是什么?) / What colours do they have?(它們有哪些顏色?)
可接雙賓語的38個(gè)常用動詞
(1) 雙賓語易位需借助介詞to的常用動詞
award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb.頒獎(jiǎng)給某人
bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb. 把某帶給某人
hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb.把某物遞給某人
lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb把某物借給
ail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb把某物寄給某人
offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb. 將某物給某人
owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb. 欠某人某物
pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb.把某物遞給某人
pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb. 付給某人錢
post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb.把某物寄給某人
read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb 把某物讀給某人聽
return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb. 把某物還給某人
send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb. 把某物送給某人
sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb. 把某物賣給某人
serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb 拿某物招待某人
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb 把某物給某人看
take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb 把某物帶給某人
teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb. 教某人某事
tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb. 告訴某人某事
throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb 把某物扔給某人
write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb. 給某人寫某事
(2) 雙賓語易位時(shí)需借助介詞for的常用動詞
book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb. 為某人預(yù)定某物
buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb. 為某人買某物
choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb. 為某人選某物
cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. 為某人煮某物
draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb. 為某人畫某物
fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb.為某人去取某物
find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb. 為某人找到某物
fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb. 為某人準(zhǔn)備某物
get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. 為某人拿來某物
make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb. 為某人做某物
order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb 為某訂購某物
pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb. 為某人采摘某物
prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb. 為某人準(zhǔn)備某物
save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb. 為某人留某物
sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb. 為某人唱歌
spare sb. sth. = spare sth.for sb 為某人讓出某物
steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb. 為某人偷某物
初中英語語法專題代詞與常用動詞相關(guān)文章:
4.初中英語語法講解