中考英語(yǔ)重難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法詳解介詞和連詞與否定方式
介詞不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，但介詞在介詞短語(yǔ)中是兩個(gè)實(shí)質(zhì)性結(jié)構(gòu)成分中(介詞+名詞性詞語(yǔ))的一個(gè);而連詞在實(shí)質(zhì)性結(jié)構(gòu)中只起連接作用.何學(xué)好英語(yǔ)?小編在這里整理了相關(guān)資料，快來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)學(xué)習(xí)吧!
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中考英語(yǔ)重難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法詳解介詞和連詞
1.介詞的功能
介詞是一種虛詞，用來(lái)表示名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞語(yǔ)句中其它詞的關(guān)系，不能單獨(dú)使用。介詞可與名詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其它詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。介詞短語(yǔ)可在句中作定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如：
The boy over there is John’s brother. (定語(yǔ))
The girl will be back in two hours. (狀語(yǔ))
Our English teacher is from Australia. (表語(yǔ))
Help yourself to some fish. (賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
2.常用介詞的用法辨析
(1)表時(shí)間的介詞
1)at, in on
表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at。例如：at six o’clock, at noon, at midnight。表示在某個(gè)世紀(jì)，某年，某月，某個(gè)季節(jié)以及早晨，上午，下午，晚上時(shí)，用in。例如：in the ninettenth century, in 2002, in may, in winter, in the morning, in the afternoon等。表示具體的某一天和某一天的上午，下午，晚上時(shí)，用on。例如：on Monday, on July 1st, on Sunday morning等。
2)since, after
由since和after 引導(dǎo)的詞組都可表示從過(guò)去某一點(diǎn)開始的時(shí)段，但since詞組表示的時(shí)段一直延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的時(shí)刻，因而往往要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。而after詞組所表示的時(shí)段純系過(guò)去，因而要與一般過(guò)去時(shí)連用。例如：
I haven’t heard from him since last summer.
After five days the boy came back.
3)in, after
in與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，表示“過(guò)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間以后”的意思，后面跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。After與將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，后面只能跟表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)的詞語(yǔ)。After與過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)連用時(shí)，后面才能跟表示一段時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)。例如：
He will be back in two months.
He will arrive after four o’clock.
He returned after a month.
(2)表示地點(diǎn)的介詞
1)at, in, on
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某個(gè)范圍之內(nèi);on往往表示“在某個(gè)物體的表面”。例如：
He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.
They arrived at a small village before dark.
There is a big hole in the wall.
The teacher put up a picture on the wall.
2)over, above, on
over, on和above都可表示“在……上面”，但具體含義不同。Over表示位置高于某物，在某物的正上方，其反義詞是under。 above也表示位置高于某物，但不一定在正上方，其反義詞是below。On指兩個(gè)物體表面接觸，一個(gè)在另一的上面。例如：
There is a bridge over the river.
We flew above the clouds.
They put some flowers on the teacher’s desk.
3)across, through
across和through均可表示“從這一邊到另一邊”，但用法不同。Across的含義與on有關(guān)，表示動(dòng)作在某一物體的表面進(jìn)行。Throgh的含義與in有關(guān)，表示動(dòng)作是在三維空間進(jìn)行。例如：
The dog ran across the grass.
The boy swam across the river.
They walked through the forest.
I pushed through the crowds.
4) in front of, in the front of
in front of 表示“在某人或某物的前面”，在某個(gè)范圍以外;in the front of 表示“在……的前部”，在某個(gè)范圍以內(nèi)。例如：
There are some tall trees in front of the building.
The teacher is sitting in the front of the classroom.
3.介詞的固定搭配
介詞往往同其他詞類形成了固定搭配關(guān)系。記住這種固定搭配關(guān)系，才能正確使用介詞。
(1)介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配
listen to , laugh at, get to, look for wait for, hear from, turn on, turn off, worry about, think of, look after, spend…on…， 等。
(2)介詞與名詞的搭配
on time, in time, by bus, on foot, with pleasure, on one’s way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
(3)介詞與形容詞的搭配
be late for, be afraid of, be good at, be interested in, be angry with, be full of, be sorry for等。
4.連詞的功能
用來(lái)連接詞，短語(yǔ)，從句或句子的詞叫連詞。連詞是一種虛詞，在句中不能單獨(dú)使用。連詞可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。
5.并列連詞
并列連詞用來(lái)連接具有并列關(guān)系的詞，短語(yǔ)或句子。常見的并列連詞有：
(1)表并列關(guān)系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。
(2)表選擇關(guān)系的or, either…or等。
(3)表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的but, while等。
(4)表因果關(guān)系的for, so等。
6.從屬連詞
從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。常見的從屬連詞有：
(1)引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的after, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的if, unless等。
(3)引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的because, as, since等。
(4)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的so that, in order that等。
(5)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的though, although, even if等。
(6)引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的so that, so…that, such…that等。
(7)引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的than, as…as等。
(8)引導(dǎo)名詞從句的that, if , whether等。
7.常用連詞的用法辨析
(1)while, when, as
這三個(gè)連詞都可引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，但用法有所不同。
1)當(dāng)某事正在進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，又發(fā)生了另一件事。While, when, as 都可用來(lái)引導(dǎo)表示“背景”的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：
As/When/While I was walking down the street I noticed a police car.
2)當(dāng)兩個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行的時(shí)候，最常用的是while。例如：
While mother was cooking lunch, I was doing my homework.
3)當(dāng)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都表示發(fā)展變化的情況時(shí)，最常用的是as。例如：
As children get older, they become more and more interested in things around them.
4)當(dāng)兩個(gè)短動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，或表示“一邊…一邊…”時(shí)，最常用as。例如：
Just as he caught the fly, he gave a loud cry.
She looked behind from time to time as she went
5)當(dāng)從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí)，通常用when。例如：
When he finished his work, he took a short rest.
6)當(dāng)從句是瞬間動(dòng)作，主句是延續(xù)性動(dòng)作時(shí)，通常用when。例如：
When John arrived I was cooking lunch.
(2)as, because, since , for
這四個(gè)詞都可表原因，但用法有區(qū)別。
1)如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分，一般用because。因此，because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。例如：
I stayed at home because it rained.
---Why aren’t you going?
---Because I don’t want to.
2)如果原因已被人們所知，或不如句子的其它部分重要，就用as或since。Since比as稍微正式一點(diǎn)。As和since 引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如：
As he wasn’t ready, we left without him.
Since I have no money, I can’t buy any food.
3)for用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明一種理由，因此，for引導(dǎo)的從句幾乎可以放在括號(hào)里。For引導(dǎo)的句子不放在句子的開頭。例如：
I decided to stop and have lunch----for I was feeling quite hungry.www.zhongkao5.com//
(3)if, whether
if和whether都可作“是否”講，在引導(dǎo)賓與從句是一般可互換。例如：
I wonder whether (if) you still study in that school.
I don’t know whether (if) he likes that film.
在下列情況下，只能用whether,不能用if：
1)引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如：
Whether he will come to the party is unknown.
2)引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句時(shí)。例如：
The question is whether I can pass the exam.
3)在不定式前。例如：
I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not.
(4)so…that, such…that
1)so…that中的so是個(gè)副詞，其后只能跟形容詞或副詞，而such…that中的such是個(gè)形容詞，后接名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。例如：
I’m so tired that I can’t walk any farther.
It was such a warm day that he went swimming.
2)如果在名詞之前有many, much, little, few時(shí)，用so,不用such。例如：
He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.
I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.
(5)either…or…， neither…nor, not only…but also…
這三個(gè)連詞詞組都可連接兩個(gè)并列成分。當(dāng)它們連接兩個(gè)并列主語(yǔ)時(shí)，
謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要隨相鄰的主語(yǔ)變化。例如：
Either you or he is wrong.
Neither he nor his children like fish.
Not only the teacher but also the students want to buy the book.
(6)although, but
這兩個(gè)連詞不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如：我們不能說(shuō)“Although he is
over sixty, but he works as hard as others.”這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.
(7)because, so
這兩個(gè)連詞同樣不能用在同一個(gè)句子中。例如：我們不能說(shuō)“Because John
was ill, so I took him to the doctor.” 這個(gè)句子應(yīng)改為Because John was ill, I took him to the doctor.或John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.
初中英語(yǔ)的八種否定形式
· 01 ·
完全否定英語(yǔ)中的完全否定可以用：
not, no, never, none, nobody, nothing, neither...nor, nowhere等表示。
如：
1.Nothing is difficult for him. 沒(méi)什么難得到他。
2.Mary never has beef. 瑪麗從來(lái)不吃牛肉。
3.Neither answer is correct. 兩種答案都不對(duì)。
· 02 ·
部分否定英語(yǔ)中表示“全體”意義的代詞, 形容詞或副詞。
如：all, both, altogether, always, completely, every day, everyone, everything, everywhere, every, everybody, many, often等
與not搭配時(shí)，通常表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”“不完全是”“不是每個(gè)都是”等。
如：
1.Not everyone was amused by these April Fool's jokes.
并不是每個(gè)人都覺得這些玩笑有趣。
2.Food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. 對(duì)食物的好惡似乎并不總與營(yíng)養(yǎng)有關(guān)。
比較：
Nothing makes him happy.
(全部否定)沒(méi)有哪一件事情讓他開心。
Not everything makes him happy.
(部分否定)并不是每一件事都讓他開心。
None of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(完全否定)上周沒(méi)有一個(gè)學(xué)生去參觀科技博物館。
Not all of the students went to visit the science museum last week.(部分否定)上周并不是所有的學(xué)生都去參觀了科技博物館。
· 03·
幾乎否定一些半否定詞表否定之意。他們不可再與否定詞連用，他們與謂語(yǔ)肯定式連用，構(gòu)成幾乎否定句。
如：hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, few等詞。
如：
1.I could hardly hear what he said.
我?guī)缀鯖](méi)聽見他說(shuō)了什么。
2.There is little water in the bottle, isn't there?
瓶子里幾乎沒(méi)有水，不是嗎?
· 04 ·
雙重否定雙重否定句由【not + 具有否定意義的詞】構(gòu)成，形成“否定+否定=肯定”的語(yǔ)言效果。
雙重否定可以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，也可以表示委婉的含義。
如：
1.Her name can't escape me forever.
我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了她的名字。
2.The songs never fail to make the children smile.
這些歌曲一向都能使孩子微笑。
· 05 ·
轉(zhuǎn)移否定轉(zhuǎn)移否定，即句中的否定雖然出現(xiàn)在謂語(yǔ)部分，否定范圍卻不在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞本身，而轉(zhuǎn)移到了句子中的賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)或其他成分上。這種形式在初中比較常見的有以下兩種情況：
1.轉(zhuǎn)移否定多用于表思維活動(dòng)
如：believe(相信), expect(期望), hope(希望), imagine(想象), think(認(rèn)為)等。
例如：
I don't think he will pass the exam.
我認(rèn)為他考試會(huì)不及格的。
2.主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是表感覺的系動(dòng)詞，通常也用于轉(zhuǎn)移否定句
這類動(dòng)詞有：seem(好像), feel(感覺), appear(出現(xiàn)), look like(看起來(lái)像)等。
如：
It doesn't look like it's going to rain.=It looks like it isn't going to rain. 好象不會(huì)下雨。
No matter how hard he studies, he never seems to be able to pass the exam. 不管他多么努力的學(xué)習(xí)，他似乎永遠(yuǎn)也考不及格。
· 06 ·
運(yùn)用某些結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)否定意義1.too...to 太……而不能
He is too tired to walk. 他太累了，走不動(dòng)了。
2.more A than B(與其B不如A)或more than +含有can的從句
The young man is more brave than wise.
這年輕人有勇無(wú)謀。
The gratitude for your help is more than I can express.
對(duì)于你給我的感激之情我無(wú)法言表。
3.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 寧愿(喜歡)……而不愿……，如：
He prefers to write his letters rather than dictate them.
他喜歡自己寫信而不愿口授自己的信。
· 07 ·
運(yùn)用含否定意義的詞或詞組表否定意義1.動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)表否定意義
如：
differ from 與……不同
prefer...to... 喜歡……而不喜歡……
keep/prevent/stop/protect ... from 阻止，使……不
keep off 不接近， 不讓……接近
lose sight of 看不見
例如：
The Great Green Wall stops the sand from moving to the rich land in the south.
綠色長(zhǎng)城阻止了風(fēng)沙吹向南方肥沃的田地。
He lost sight of his wife and went away alone.
他沒(méi)看見他的妻子，獨(dú)自走了。
Sally prefers singing to dancing.
莎麗喜歡唱歌而不喜歡跳舞。
2.動(dòng)詞表否定意義
如，absent(缺席), fail(不及格), refuse(拒絕), miss(未趕上，錯(cuò)過(guò)), escape(被……忘掉)等。
例如：
Why did you absent yourself from school yesterday?
昨天你為什么不來(lái)上學(xué)?
He missed the 9:30 train and therefore missed the accident.
他沒(méi)趕上9:30的那班火車,也因此而逃過(guò)那次車禍.
3.介詞表否定意義
without(無(wú)，沒(méi)有), against(反對(duì)), beyond(超出，無(wú)法), except/but(除……外), past(超過(guò)), off(離開), above(超出……之外)等。
例如：
I can't finish the work without your help.
沒(méi)有你的幫助,我完不成這工作。
His conduct has always been above suspicion.
他的行為一直無(wú)可置疑。
His stupidity is past all belief.
他的愚蠢簡(jiǎn)直不可思義。
· 08 ·
運(yùn)用連詞before unless等
引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)表否定意義如：
WangWei went to bed before he finished his homework.
王偉沒(méi)完成作業(yè)就睡覺了。
Unless you put on your overcoat, you'll catch a cold.
如果你不穿大衣,你就會(huì)感冒。
中考英語(yǔ)重難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法詳解介詞和連詞與否定方式相關(guān)文章：
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中考英語(yǔ)重難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法詳解介詞和連詞與否定方式
