什么是英語(yǔ)的賓格用法簡(jiǎn)介
什么是英語(yǔ)的賓格用法簡(jiǎn)介
根據(jù)非賓格假設(shè),不及物動(dòng)詞應(yīng)分為兩類:非賓格動(dòng)詞和非作格動(dòng)詞,這兩類動(dòng)詞分別與不同的深層句法結(jié)構(gòu)相聯(lián)系,根據(jù)非賓格假設(shè),不及物動(dòng)詞應(yīng)分為兩類:非賓格動(dòng)詞和非作格動(dòng)詞,這兩類動(dòng)詞分別與不同的深層句法結(jié)構(gòu)相聯(lián)系呢?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的什么是英語(yǔ)的賓格,歡迎閱讀。
什么是英語(yǔ)的賓格
賓格(accusative case;objective case;casus accusativus)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)詞直接賓語(yǔ)的名詞或一個(gè)前置詞的賓語(yǔ)。人稱代詞里的:主格放在句首做主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),賓格放在句末或句中做動(dòng)詞和介詞的賓語(yǔ).打個(gè)比方,主人邀請(qǐng)賓客,主格就像主人,賓格就像賓客。主格在動(dòng)詞前面,賓格在動(dòng)詞或介詞后面。英語(yǔ)中的人稱代詞(Personal Pronouns)有主格、賓格和之分,如:I, me, my ; he, him, his ; they, them,their等。顧名思義,主格(The nominative case)用作主語(yǔ),賓格(The objective case)用作賓語(yǔ),所有格(The possessive case)則表示所有之物。在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,主格和賓格代詞有時(shí)會(huì)混淆。[1]
賓格是人稱代詞,人稱代詞有主格賓格之分,主格有I,he, she,it, you, we,they,賓格有me, him, her, it, you, us, them。主格要放在主語(yǔ)位置,賓格要放在賓語(yǔ)位置。主語(yǔ)位置都知道,一般在句首,如I am a teacher.在英語(yǔ)中,賓語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)位置,一個(gè)在動(dòng)詞后跟賓語(yǔ),注意不是所有的動(dòng)詞都需要跟賓語(yǔ)。另一個(gè)在介詞后跟賓語(yǔ),如: 1,I give him a book. 這里的give 是動(dòng)詞,him 是give 的賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)的作用是使謂語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的意思完整和清楚),因?yàn)閔im的位置是賓語(yǔ),所以,如果在這個(gè)位置上用的是人稱代詞,就得用賓格,而不能用主格的he.
2,She speaks to me. 這里的to 是介詞,它后面的me在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中稱賓語(yǔ),因此也要用賓格。
在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中,主格和賓格代詞有時(shí)會(huì)混淆。下面是常見的問題:
1.在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)里,人稱代詞的主格和賓格在單獨(dú)使用時(shí),沒有問題,如很少人會(huì)犯下這樣的錯(cuò)誤:
*(1)Wilcox spoke to I.
*(2)Her knew what had happened.
但在復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,錯(cuò)誤就難免了,如:
*(3)Wilcox spoke to my friend and I.
*(4)He and her knew what had happened.
*(5)This is between you and he.
這種錯(cuò)誤是可避免的。第一,在有介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,特別要注意,第二個(gè)人稱代詞,必須用賓語(yǔ),如:"for you and me"和 "between Maria and him"。第二,試把復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中的另一部分暫時(shí)用括號(hào)圍起來(lái),那么該用的格就容易辨別了,如:
(6)This message is for (My father and) I or me.
(7)(Marry and) he or him went downtown together.
顯然的,(5)里的代詞是賓格的"me", (6)里的代詞是主格的"he"。
2.在比較結(jié)構(gòu)里,連接詞"as"或"than"后面,按理用主格式,但在口語(yǔ)中,人們常用賓格形式,學(xué)美式英語(yǔ)者,更是如此:
(8)a. You did as well as she.
b. You did as well as her.
(9)a. I am older than he.
b. I am older than him.
(a)和(b)兩種說(shuō)法,都可接受。但如果"as"和"than"后頭分句的主語(yǔ)和詞動(dòng)都要完整出現(xiàn)的話,這時(shí)的人稱代詞,就必須是主格,如下:
(10)You did as well as she did.
(11)I am older than he is .
此外,還有一點(diǎn)要注意,就是"as"和"than"后面雖然在語(yǔ)法上用主格好,用賓格也可,但是有時(shí)意思會(huì)有所不同。試比較(a)和(b):
(12)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I.
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than me.
(13)a. Jason praised Maria more highly than I did (= I praised Maria).
b. Jason praised Maria more highly than he praised me.
(12)a和b都被接受,但(12)a等于(13)a,而(12)b等于(13)B:
顯然,這兩句的深層意思大有差別。遇到這種情形,為了避免誤解,不妨根據(jù)要表達(dá)的意思用完整的句式表達(dá)出來(lái)。換句話說(shuō),必要的話,要用(13)這句子。
不然,把(13)a變成(14), (13)b變成(15)也可:
(14)I did not praise Maria as highly as Jason did.
(15)Jason did not praise me as highly as he praised Maria.