什么是英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介怎么用
什么是英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)簡(jiǎn)介怎么用
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)歷來(lái)是語(yǔ)法中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。漢語(yǔ)中的時(shí)態(tài)體系和英語(yǔ)中的完全不同,英語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)體態(tài)方面的變化形式較多。什么是英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)呢?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的什么是英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí),歡迎閱讀。
什么是英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)
英語(yǔ)的完成時(shí)有兩種情況:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過(guò)去完成時(shí)
英語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
1.基本概念
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,或過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,甚至可能仍要繼續(xù)下去 。其主要特征為:①?gòu)?qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作是過(guò)去發(fā)生的;②強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果。
2. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)
?、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has+動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ)(其中have/has為助動(dòng)詞,have的主語(yǔ)為I, you, they, we, has的主語(yǔ)為he,she,it,等單數(shù)名詞或代詞)
?、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+have/has not+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ)(縮寫形式分別為haven’t和hasn’t) ③一般疑問(wèn)句:Have/Has+主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞+賓語(yǔ)
?、芴厥庖蓡?wèn)句:特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+一般疑問(wèn)句(have/has+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他)
3. 基本用法
?、俦硎具^(guò)去發(fā)生或已完成的某個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或結(jié)果,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果,常同already, just, yet等狀語(yǔ)連用
I have just turned off the light. 我剛剛把燈關(guān)上。(結(jié)果是燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了)
She has lost her bike. 她把自行車丟了。(影響是他現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有自行車騎了)
The rain has stopped now. 雨已經(jīng)停了。(結(jié)果是我們可以出門了)
I have already read the book. 我已讀過(guò)這本書(shū)了。(結(jié)果是已知道這本書(shū)的內(nèi)容)
She has had a good education. 她受到過(guò)良好的教育。(影響是她文化水平高,有修養(yǎng)) ② 表示開(kāi)始于過(guò)去、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),并可能繼續(xù)下去,常同包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,如:today, now, this week, this morning, these days, this afternoon, recently, so far等;也同“for+時(shí)間段”或 “since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)”的狀語(yǔ)連用
We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。
She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在這所學(xué)校教書(shū)已經(jīng)10年了。
I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我從早飯起就一直沒(méi)有吃東西。
We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我們一直很忙。
I have known her since we were children. 我從小就認(rèn)識(shí)她。
I haven't seen John today. 我今天沒(méi)有見(jiàn)到約翰。
It has rained a lot these days. 這些天多雨。
?、?表示從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間到說(shuō)話時(shí)這段時(shí)間中反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或多次動(dòng)作的總和,常同頻度副詞always, often, seldom, never等連用
He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在過(guò)去兩年中他做了許多工作。
I have learned about two hundred English words this morning. 本月我學(xué)了大約200個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
I have been to the Great Wall twice. 我曾經(jīng)去過(guò)長(zhǎng)城兩次
It has rained every day this week. 這個(gè)星期天天下雨。
She has always walked to school. 她一直步行去學(xué)校。
I have never seen such a beautiful bird. 我從沒(méi)見(jiàn)過(guò)這么美麗的鳥(niǎo)。
I have often met the old man on my way to work. 我在上班的路上常常遇見(jiàn)那位老人。
4. be的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)
① 可表示一種狀態(tài),表示從過(guò)去已經(jīng)開(kāi)始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,要與表示一段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。 There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years.
十四中學(xué)附近有家工廠,已經(jīng)有幾年了.
?、?可表示某人剛剛?cè)ネ车兀裎礆w。
Where has your mother gone, little John? 約翰,你媽媽到哪里去了?
?、?后加地點(diǎn), 表示某人曾經(jīng)到過(guò)某地.
Have you ever been to West Hill Farm?
你曾經(jīng)到過(guò)西山農(nóng)場(chǎng)嗎?
5. 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的使用規(guī)則
?、?延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如be,have,know,live, work,study,learn,teach,speak,talk,draw, wait,wear,walk,sleep等等,在現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)中,這些動(dòng)詞并無(wú)嚴(yán)格限制,基本可以任意使用, 如:Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years.王伯伯在這家工廠工作十年了。
非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如come,go,arrive, reach,see,hear,close,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die等,這些動(dòng)詞可用于完成時(shí)態(tài),說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果還存在,但不能和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,如The play has begun.戲開(kāi)演了。(戲正在演著) (此句表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確)The play has begun for half an hour.戲開(kāi)演半小時(shí)了。(此句表達(dá)不夠準(zhǔn)確)。非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞在現(xiàn)在完成句中,動(dòng)詞要在一定程度上進(jìn)行必要的變化。
② 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示狀態(tài)有三種方法:
A. 用相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來(lái)替換非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)為“for +時(shí)間段”或“since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)(過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)從句)”
They have been here for five years.他們來(lái)這里已經(jīng)五年了。(這里come這一非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞改成了be。)
(常見(jiàn)非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)換如下:come→be,come to→be in /at, go out→be out,leave→be away,begin / start→be on,buy→have,borrow→keep, join→be a member of /be a...member, die→be dead,put on→wear,catch a cold→ have a cold,get to know→know,become a teacher→be a teacher,fall asleep→be asleep,go to sleep→sleep等。)
B. 用“非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的一般過(guò)去時(shí)+一段時(shí)間+ago”這一句型(即用一般過(guò)去時(shí))。例 They came here five years ago.他們是五年前來(lái)這里的。
C. 用“It is(has been)+時(shí)間段+since從句(從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式)”這一句型。
It is five years since they came here.自從他們來(lái)到這里已經(jīng)有五年了。
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
?、?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在沒(méi)有聯(lián)系,只是說(shuō)明某個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過(guò)去。
I have washed the car. 我洗過(guò)了車。(看上去很漂亮)
I washed the car a moment ago. 我剛才洗過(guò)車了。
She has watered the flowers. 她已經(jīng)澆了花。(不需要再澆了)
She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天澆的花。
?、?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在并可能延續(xù)下去,而一般過(guò)去時(shí)則單純表示過(guò)去某段時(shí)間內(nèi)的經(jīng)歷。
He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經(jīng)兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。
He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了兩個(gè)小時(shí),然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)還在上午) I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我復(fù)習(xí)了兩課。(說(shuō)話時(shí)已是下午或晚上) ③ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有很大不同。一般過(guò)去時(shí)總是與具體的表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)間的副詞連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞則相應(yīng)復(fù)雜的多(可參見(jiàn)上文)。
7. 規(guī)則動(dòng)詞與不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞形式
?、?規(guī)則動(dòng)詞:規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點(diǎn)變化規(guī)則:
A、一般動(dòng)詞,在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited
B、以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,只在詞尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived ,
C、以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞,將 "y" 變?yōu)?"i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried
D、重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,先雙寫該輔音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped
過(guò)去完成時(shí)
一、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)
概念:過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去( past-in-the-past )”。
那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在
構(gòu)成:過(guò)去完成時(shí)由“助動(dòng)詞 had + 過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中 had 通用于各種人稱。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的判斷依據(jù)
1. 由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定
一般說(shuō)來(lái),各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有: ( 1 ) by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
( 1 )賓語(yǔ)從句中 當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如: She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )狀語(yǔ)從句中 在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本„,未能„"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根據(jù)上、下文來(lái)判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的主要用法
1. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒來(lái)時(shí),雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)
2. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),表示的是“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,只有和過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一動(dòng)作相比較時(shí)才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前 )
3. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)需要與一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,它不能離開(kāi)過(guò)去時(shí)間而獨(dú)立存在。此時(shí)多與 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等時(shí)間副詞及 by , before , until 等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或從句連用。
如:
Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過(guò)去某時(shí)之前已經(jīng)開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到這一過(guò)去時(shí)間,而且動(dòng)作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)
四、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞”;過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。試比較:
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
沒(méi)什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
— John returned home yesterday. 約翰昨天回到家的。
— Where had he been?
他去哪兒了?(答語(yǔ)中使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”)
五、過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同:過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。試比較:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷:先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
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