英語什么是賓語及其用法大全
英語什么是賓語及其用法大全
英語賓語的正常位置是在謂語動詞之后,有雙賓語的句子,其間接賓語在直接賓語之前,有復合賓語的句子,其賓語在賓語補足語之前。英語什么是賓語呢？下面是學習啦小編整理的英語什么是賓語，歡迎閱讀。
英語什么是賓語
賓語，又稱受詞，是指一個動作(動詞)的接受者。賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語兩大類，其中直接賓語指動作的直接對象，間接賓語說明動作的非直接，但受動作影響的對象。一般而言，及物動詞后面最少要有一個賓語，而該賓語通常為直接賓語，有些及物動詞要求兩個賓語，則這兩個賓語通常一個為直接賓語，另一個為間接賓語。
英語的賓語
賓語表示法
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、動名詞、不定式、復合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句可作賓語。 賓語的種類
一、雙賓語
英語中，有些及物動詞可接兩個賓語(雙賓語)，即指人的間接賓語和指物的直接賓語。常用句型為：主語+及物動詞+間接賓語+直接賓語。如：
Give me a cup of tea, please. 請給我一杯茶。
有時，間接賓語也可改為由介詞to或for引起的短語，放在直接賓語的后面。如： She passed him the salt. =She passed the salt to him. 她把鹽遞給了他。
Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.
= Her uncle bought an English-Chinese dictionary for her yesterday.
昨天，她叔叔給她買了一本英漢詞典。
下面幾種情況，通常要用介詞to或for引起的短語：
1. 當直接賓語是人稱代詞(it/them)時。如：
The watch is Li Lei's. Please give it to him. 這塊手表是李雷的。請把它給他。
2. 當強調(diào)間接賓語時。如：
Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 母親每天都為我們做早飯。
3. 當間接賓語比直接賓語長時。如：
On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽車上，他經(jīng)常把座位讓給老人。 注：由to連接間接賓語的動詞有：pass, give, show, tell, lend, take等;由for連接間接賓語的動詞有：buy, cook, get, sing, make等。
二、復合賓語
賓補的定義
有些及物動詞帶了賓語后還需要有一個補足成分才能使句子完整，這個補足成分就叫做賓語補足語。用來說明賓語的行為、特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。賓語和賓補一起構(gòu)成復合賓語。主要有下面幾種類型：
1、 名詞(或代詞)+名詞。接名詞作賓語補足語的動詞常見的有call, name, think, make等
We call them mooncakes. 我們把它們叫作月餅
2、 名詞(或代詞)+形容詞。接形容詞作賓語補足語的動詞常見的有make, keep, think, find等。如：
At first I found Chinese hard. 開始的時候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)漢語很難。
3、名詞(或代詞)+副詞或介詞短語。接副詞、介詞短語作賓語補足語的動詞常見的有find, keep, take等。如：
The boy found his pen on the floor. 這個男孩在地板上找到了他的鋼筆
Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister.
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
4、名詞(或代詞)+分詞(分詞短語)。接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的動詞常見的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如：
In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在農(nóng)村，他能聽到鳥兒歌唱。
I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
注意：
在用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式作賓語補足語的動詞中，有些只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語;有些只能用不定式作賓語補足語;還有的動詞既能用現(xiàn)在分詞又可用不定式作賓語補足語：
1)只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop(阻止)等。 She caught her son smoking a cigarette.
His words started me thinking.
2)只能用不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let, allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。
Their parents don’t allow him to stay out late.
他父母不允許他在外面呆到很晚。
3)既能用現(xiàn)在分詞又可用不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。 She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.
有人看見她從犯罪現(xiàn)場跑開。
I saw you put the key in your pocket.
5、名詞(或代詞)+不定式
1) to do
The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.
(ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade)
2) 省略 to 的不定式
使用不定式作賓語補足語時，不定式符號 to 的取舍問題：
在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等動詞后的不定式需省去 to 。 feel 一詞，跟 to be 型不定式帶 to;跟 to do 型不定式不帶 to。
help 一詞后的不定式，可帶 to，也可以不帶 to。
6、 名詞(或代詞)+從句
We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.
7、常見with+復合賓語有下列幾種形式：
1) with+名詞/代詞+形容詞
It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full.滿嘴食物去說話是不禮貌的。
2) with+名詞/代詞+副詞
The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的燈亮起來，這座城市看起來更漂亮了。
3) with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語
The woman with a baby on her back lives downstairs.這個背著嬰兒的婦女住在樓下。
4) with+名詞/代詞+不定式，不定式表示主動、將來的動作。
With you to help us, we are sure to finish the work on time.
有你來幫忙，我們會按時完成任務(wù)的。
With so much work to do, we can’t kill any time by playing cards.
有這么多工作要做，我們沒有時間打撲克。
5)with+名詞/代詞+-ing形式，-ing形式表示主動或動作正在進行。
With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village.
由一個男孩帶路，他們朝那個村子走去。
6) with+名詞/代詞+過去分詞，過去分詞表示被動或動作已經(jīng)完成。
With the problems settled, we all felt very happy.問題解決了，我們都感到很高興。
7)with+名詞/代詞+名詞
China is a great country, with its capital Beijing中國是一個偉大的國家，首都是北京。
在復合賓語中，賓語通常為名詞或代詞，但有時也可以用不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)或that從句來充當。這時，應使用先行it代替賓語，而將真正的賓語移到句子的后部，如：
I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.
Do you consider it any good trying again?
We all thought it a pity that you couldn’t join us.
注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語補足語通常為名詞或形容詞;常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。
可用下面方法來判斷一個及物動詞所帶的是雙賓語還是復合賓語：
如果賓語與其后的成分之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系，則該動詞接的是復合賓語，否則就是雙賓語。
三、賓語從句
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句.賓語從句分為三類:
動詞的賓語從句,介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句.
(一)賓語從句的時態(tài)和語序
1、主句用一般現(xiàn)在時，從句可用任意時態(tài)。
2、主句用過去時，從句用過去某個時態(tài)。
3、主句用過去時，從句是真理時，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。
當主句為現(xiàn)在時或?qū)頃r的時候,賓語從句的時態(tài)一般不受主句的時態(tài)所影響.
當主句為過去時的時候
1)從句用一般過去時或過去進行時表示與主句謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in. 我只知道他當時在西方的一個國家讀書,可不知道是哪個國家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他問我他進來的時候我是否正在讀<<老人與海>>.
2)從句過去完成時表示該動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告訴我他已經(jīng)把有關(guān)會議的事情告訴的了Mary.
3)從句謂語用過去將來時表示該動作發(fā)生在主句謂語動作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 記者問政府是否會采取必要的措施鎮(zhèn)壓騷亂.
4)如果從句是一個客觀真理,那么從句的時態(tài)不根據(jù)主句的時態(tài)而變化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老師昨天說月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).
當賓語從句的引導詞是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑問時,不能按正常語序安排,經(jīng)常將這類引導詞置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你認為今年公眾會選誰為他們最喜歡的歌手.
(二)賓語從句的連接詞
1、從屬連詞
連接賓語從句的從屬連詞主要有that, if, whether.
that引導表示陳述句的賓語從句,而if和whether引導表示“是否”的賓語從句.
He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告訴我他下一年上大學. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會有公交車.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒人知道他是否會通過考試.
2、連接代詞
連接代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
連接代詞一般指疑問,但what, whatever除了指疑問外,也可以指陳述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道誰贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該依靠誰.
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
這本書會告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你決定好是買諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?
3、連接副詞
連接副詞主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他沒有告訴我什么時候我們能再見面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能告訴我怎么用這個新的操作盤嗎? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
沒有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買到.
(三)各種賓語從句
1、動詞的賓語從句
1)大多數(shù)動詞都可以帶賓語從句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我們都預料他們會贏,因為他們的隊員更強壯.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告訴我們在整個工作中,他都會幫忙的.
2)部分“動詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語從句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out
我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場音樂會的所有票都賣光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能計算出這次旅行我們將花費多少錢嗎?
3)動詞短語也可以帶賓語從句
常見的這些詞有:
make sure確保 make up one’s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交試卷前確保沒有任何錯誤.
可運用形式賓語it代替的賓語從句
?、賱釉~find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有賓語補足語的時候,則需要用it做形式賓語而將that賓語從句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我認為每天多喝開水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我沒去聚會,感覺非常遺憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天寫日記成了習慣.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我們都認為對這件事馬上做出決定很重要.
?、谟行﹦釉~帶賓語從句時需要在賓語與從句前加it
這類動詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿嘴食物時說話.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.他會認為我們的計劃確實可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.我們認為你會同意我們的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
開啟發(fā)動機時, 一定要使汽車的離合器處于空擋位置.
?、廴糍e語從句是wh-類,則不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我們都認為你所說的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學到的東西都是有用的.
2、介詞的賓語從句
1)用wh-類的介詞賓語從句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我們正在討論是否讓學生加入我們的俱樂部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
這本新書是關(guān)于神州6號載人航天飛船是如何升如太空的.
2)用that引導的介詞賓語從句
有時候except, but, besides三個介詞后可見到that引導的賓語從句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 對于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無所知.
3、形容詞的賓語從句
常用來引導賓語從句的形容詞有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.我確信我會通過考試.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我這么長時間在打擾你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高興在他生病的時候李明能去看望他.
(四)與賓語從句有關(guān)的知識點
1、if, whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別
1)if和whether在作“是否”解時,引導賓語從句常放在動詞know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if
2) 少數(shù)動詞,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的賓語從句常用whether.
3)whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
2、哪些賓語從句不可以省略引導詞that
1)當that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等動詞的賓語時;
2)當賓語從句較長時;
3)當主語謂語動詞(包括非謂語動詞)與賓語從句之間有插入語時;
4)當一個動詞帶有兩個或兩個以上賓語從句時,此時第一個that可以省略,第二個that不可以省略;
5)當賓語從句中的主語是this, that或this, that做主語的定語時;
6)當賓語從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時;
7)當賓語從句的主語是非謂語動詞或主語從句時;
8)當主語中的謂語動詞是固定詞組時;
9)當賓語從句有it做其先行詞時;
3、賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
1)主句的謂語動詞是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時,從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he won’t come to my party. 我認為他不會來我的舞會.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我認為那個人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
2)如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來不仔細聽老師講課,是不是?
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