英語(yǔ)什么是賓語(yǔ)及其用法大全
英語(yǔ)什么是賓語(yǔ)及其用法大全
英語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)的正常位置是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之后,有雙賓語(yǔ)的句子,其間接賓語(yǔ)在直接賓語(yǔ)之前,有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的句子,其賓語(yǔ)在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)之前。英語(yǔ)什么是賓語(yǔ)呢？下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的英語(yǔ)什么是賓語(yǔ)，歡迎閱讀。
英語(yǔ)什么是賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)，又稱(chēng)受詞，是指一個(gè)動(dòng)作(動(dòng)詞)的接受者。賓語(yǔ)分為直接賓語(yǔ)和間接賓語(yǔ)兩大類(lèi)，其中直接賓語(yǔ)指動(dòng)作的直接對(duì)象，間接賓語(yǔ)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作的非直接，但受動(dòng)作影響的對(duì)象。一般而言，及物動(dòng)詞后面最少要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，而該賓語(yǔ)通常為直接賓語(yǔ)，有些及物動(dòng)詞要求兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，則這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)通常一個(gè)為直接賓語(yǔ)，另一個(gè)為間接賓語(yǔ)。
英語(yǔ)的賓語(yǔ)
賓語(yǔ)表示法
名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句可作賓語(yǔ)。 賓語(yǔ)的種類(lèi)
一、雙賓語(yǔ)
英語(yǔ)中，有些及物動(dòng)詞可接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)(雙賓語(yǔ))，即指人的間接賓語(yǔ)和指物的直接賓語(yǔ)。常用句型為：主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)。如：
Give me a cup of tea, please. 請(qǐng)給我一杯茶。
有時(shí)，間接賓語(yǔ)也可改為由介詞to或for引起的短語(yǔ)，放在直接賓語(yǔ)的后面。如： She passed him the salt. =She passed the salt to him. 她把鹽遞給了他。
Her uncle bought her an English-Chinese dictionary yesterday.
= Her uncle bought an English-Chinese dictionary for her yesterday.
昨天，她叔叔給她買(mǎi)了一本英漢詞典。
下面幾種情況，通常要用介詞to或for引起的短語(yǔ)：
1. 當(dāng)直接賓語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞(it/them)時(shí)。如：
The watch is Li Lei's. Please give it to him. 這塊手表是李雷的。請(qǐng)把它給他。
2. 當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)時(shí)。如：
Mother cooks breakfast for us every day. 母親每天都為我們做早飯。
3. 當(dāng)間接賓語(yǔ)比直接賓語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)時(shí)。如：
On the bus, he often gives his seat to an old person. 在公共汽車(chē)上，他經(jīng)常把座位讓給老人。 注：由to連接間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：pass, give, show, tell, lend, take等;由for連接間接賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：buy, cook, get, sing, make等。
二、復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)
賓補(bǔ)的定義
有些及物動(dòng)詞帶了賓語(yǔ)后還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足成分才能使句子完整，這個(gè)補(bǔ)足成分就叫做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的行為、特征、狀態(tài)、身份等。賓語(yǔ)和賓補(bǔ)一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)。主要有下面幾種類(lèi)型：
1、 名詞(或代詞)+名詞。接名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有call, name, think, make等
We call them mooncakes. 我們把它們叫作月餅
2、 名詞(或代詞)+形容詞。接形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有make, keep, think, find等。如：
At first I found Chinese hard. 開(kāi)始的時(shí)候，我發(fā)現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)很難。
3、名詞(或代詞)+副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)。接副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有find, keep, take等。如：
The boy found his pen on the floor. 這個(gè)男孩在地板上找到了他的鋼筆
Last Sunday I saw you out with your sister.
To her surprise, she found herself in a different world.
4、名詞(或代詞)+分詞(分詞短語(yǔ))。接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有watch, see, hear, find, keep等。如：
In the country, he can hear birds singing. 在農(nóng)村，他能聽(tīng)到鳥(niǎo)兒歌唱。
I saw him doing his homework when I passed his window.
I was absent-minded when I heard my name called.
注意：
在用現(xiàn)在分詞或不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞中，有些只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);有些只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ);還有的動(dòng)詞既能用現(xiàn)在分詞又可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
1)只能用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：catch, keep, mind, prevent, stop(阻止)等。 She caught her son smoking a cigarette.
His words started me thinking.
2)只能用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, trust, encourage, let, allow, permit, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause, remind, ask, invite, beg, request, worry, advise, persuade, call on, tell, order, command, require, make, force, drive, forbid, warn, help, teach, show, assist, report, bear, wait for, think, take, know, judge, consider, suppose, believe, allow, prove, declare等。
Their parents don’t allow him to stay out late.
他父母不允許他在外面呆到很晚。
3)既能用現(xiàn)在分詞又可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：see, watch, notice, look at, observe, listen to, hear, feel, have, imagine, discover, like, want, understand, hate, get, set, leave等。 She was seen running away from the scene of the crime.
有人看見(jiàn)她從犯罪現(xiàn)場(chǎng)跑開(kāi)。
I saw you put the key in your pocket.
5、名詞(或代詞)+不定式
1) to do
The villagers did not allow them to build a factory there.
(ask tell beg force wish want expect advise permit order persuade)
2) 省略 to 的不定式
使用不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào) to 的取舍問(wèn)題：
在hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe 等動(dòng)詞后的不定式需省去 to 。 feel 一詞，跟 to be 型不定式帶 to;跟 to do 型不定式不帶 to。
help 一詞后的不定式，可帶 to，也可以不帶 to。
6、 名詞(或代詞)+從句
We will make our hometown what your hometown is now.
7、常見(jiàn)with+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)有下列幾種形式：
1) with+名詞/代詞+形容詞
It is not good manners to speak with your mouth full.滿(mǎn)嘴食物去說(shuō)話是不禮貌的。
2) with+名詞/代詞+副詞
The city looks more beautiful with all the lights on.
所有的燈亮起來(lái)，這座城市看起來(lái)更漂亮了。
3) with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)
The woman with a baby on her back lives downstairs.這個(gè)背著嬰兒的婦女住在樓下。
4) with+名詞/代詞+不定式，不定式表示主動(dòng)、將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。
With you to help us, we are sure to finish the work on time.
有你來(lái)幫忙，我們會(huì)按時(shí)完成任務(wù)的。
With so much work to do, we can’t kill any time by playing cards.
有這么多工作要做，我們沒(méi)有時(shí)間打撲克。
5)with+名詞/代詞+-ing形式，-ing形式表示主動(dòng)或動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
With a boy leading the way, they started towards the village.
由一個(gè)男孩帶路，他們朝那個(gè)村子走去。
6) with+名詞/代詞+過(guò)去分詞，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)或動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成。
With the problems settled, we all felt very happy.問(wèn)題解決了，我們都感到很高興。
7)with+名詞/代詞+名詞
China is a great country, with its capital Beijing中國(guó)是一個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家，首都是北京。
在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)通常為名詞或代詞，但有時(shí)也可以用不定式(短語(yǔ))、動(dòng)名詞(短語(yǔ))或that從句來(lái)充當(dāng)。這時(shí)，應(yīng)使用先行it代替賓語(yǔ)，而將真正的賓語(yǔ)移到句子的后部，如：
I felt it necessary to speak about our shortcomings.
Do you consider it any good trying again?
We all thought it a pity that you couldn’t join us.
注意：在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)通常為名詞或形容詞;常用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有： feel, find, think, make, take, judge, consider 等。
可用下面方法來(lái)判斷一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞所帶的是雙賓語(yǔ)還是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)：
如果賓語(yǔ)與其后的成分之間存在著邏輯上的主謂或主表關(guān)系，則該動(dòng)詞接的是復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)，否則就是雙賓語(yǔ)。
三、賓語(yǔ)從句
在句子中起賓語(yǔ)作用的從句叫做賓語(yǔ)從句.賓語(yǔ)從句分為三類(lèi):
動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句,介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句和形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句.
(一)賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)序
1、主句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可用任意時(shí)態(tài)。
2、主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句用過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。
3、主句用過(guò)去時(shí)，從句是真理時(shí)，只用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
當(dāng)主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)的時(shí)候,賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般不受主句的時(shí)態(tài)所影響.
當(dāng)主句為過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)候
1)從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示與主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生
I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in. 我只知道他當(dāng)時(shí)在西方的一個(gè)國(guó)家讀書(shū),可不知道是哪個(gè)國(guó)家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他問(wèn)我他進(jìn)來(lái)的時(shí)候我是否正在讀<<老人與海>>.
2)從句過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前
He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告訴我他已經(jīng)把有關(guān)會(huì)議的事情告訴的了Mary.
3)從句謂語(yǔ)用過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之后
The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do. 記者問(wèn)政府是否會(huì)采取必要的措施鎮(zhèn)壓騷亂.
4)如果從句是一個(gè)客觀真理,那么從句的時(shí)態(tài)不根據(jù)主句的時(shí)態(tài)而變化
The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老師昨天說(shuō)月亮繞著地球轉(zhuǎn).
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞是who, which, what, when, where, how, why等表疑問(wèn)時(shí),不能按正常語(yǔ)序安排,經(jīng)常將這類(lèi)引導(dǎo)詞置于句首
Who do you think the public might choose as their favorite singer this year?
你認(rèn)為今年公眾會(huì)選誰(shuí)為他們最喜歡的歌手.
(二)賓語(yǔ)從句的連接詞
1、從屬連詞
連接賓語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞主要有that, if, whether.
that引導(dǎo)表示陳述句的賓語(yǔ)從句,而if和whether引導(dǎo)表示“是否”的賓語(yǔ)從句.
He told me that he would go to the college the next year他告訴我他下一年上大學(xué). I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.我不知道是否還會(huì)有公交車(chē).
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.沒(méi)人知道他是否會(huì)通過(guò)考試.
2、連接代詞
連接代詞主要有who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever等.
連接代詞一般指疑問(wèn),但what, whatever除了指疑問(wèn)外,也可以指陳述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?你知道誰(shuí)贏了這一局紅警游戲嗎?
I don’t know whom you should depend on.我不知道你該依靠誰(shuí).
The book will show you what the best CEOs know.
這本書(shū)會(huì)告訴你最好的執(zhí)行總裁該了解些什么.
Have you determined whichever you should buy a Motorola or Nokia cell phone?
你決定好是買(mǎi)諾基亞還是摩托羅拉的電話了嗎?
3、連接副詞
連接副詞主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.他沒(méi)有告訴我什么時(shí)候我們能再見(jiàn)面.
Could you please tell me how you read the new panel?你能告訴我怎么用這個(gè)新的操作盤(pán)嗎? None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
沒(méi)有人知道這些的新的零件能在哪里買(mǎi)到.
(三)各種賓語(yǔ)從句
1、動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)從句
1)大多數(shù)動(dòng)詞都可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句
We all expect that they will win , for members of their team are stronger.
我們都預(yù)料他們會(huì)贏,因?yàn)樗麄兊年?duì)員更強(qiáng)壯.
He told us that they would help us though the whole work.
他告訴我們?cè)谡麄€(gè)工作中,他都會(huì)幫忙的.
2)部分“動(dòng)詞+副詞”結(jié)構(gòu)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句
I have found out that all the tickets for the concert have been sold out
我發(fā)現(xiàn)這場(chǎng)音樂(lè)會(huì)的所有票都賣(mài)光了.
Can you work out how much we will spend during the trip?
你能計(jì)算出這次旅行我們將花費(fèi)多少錢(qián)嗎?
3)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也可以帶賓語(yǔ)從句
常見(jiàn)的這些詞有:
make sure確保 make up one’s mind下決心 keep in mind牢記
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.
在上交試卷前確保沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤.
可運(yùn)用形式賓語(yǔ)it代替的賓語(yǔ)從句
?、賱?dòng)詞find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的時(shí)候,則需要用it做形式賓語(yǔ)而將that賓語(yǔ)從句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .我認(rèn)為每天多喝開(kāi)水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together.我沒(méi)去聚會(huì),感覺(jué)非常遺憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries.我每天寫(xiě)日記成了習(xí)慣.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我們都認(rèn)為對(duì)這件事馬上做出決定很重要.
②有些動(dòng)詞帶賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)需要在賓語(yǔ)與從句前加it
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food.我討厭他們滿(mǎn)嘴食物時(shí)說(shuō)話.
He will have it that our plan is really practical.他會(huì)認(rèn)為我們的計(jì)劃確實(shí)可行.
We take it that you will agree with us.我們認(rèn)為你會(huì)同意我們的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
開(kāi)啟發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)時(shí), 一定要使汽車(chē)的離合器處于空擋位置.
?、廴糍e語(yǔ)從句是wh-類(lèi),則不可用it代替
We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.我們都認(rèn)為你所說(shuō)的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)我們所學(xué)到的東西都是有用的.
2、介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句
1)用wh-類(lèi)的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.
我們正在討論是否讓學(xué)生加入我們的俱樂(lè)部.
The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.
這本新書(shū)是關(guān)于神州6號(hào)載人航天飛船是如何升如太空的.
2)用that引導(dǎo)的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
有時(shí)候except, but, besides三個(gè)介詞后可見(jiàn)到that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company. 對(duì)于我的新鄰居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一無(wú)所知.
3、形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句
常用來(lái)引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的形容詞有: sure, certain, glad, please, happy, sorry, afraid, satisfied, surprised
I am sure I will pass the exam.我確信我會(huì)通過(guò)考試.
I am sorry that I have troubled you so long.很抱歉我這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在打擾你.
He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.
他很高興在他生病的時(shí)候李明能去看望他.
(四)與賓語(yǔ)從句有關(guān)的知識(shí)點(diǎn)
1、if, whether在賓語(yǔ)從句中的區(qū)別
1)if和whether在作“是否”解時(shí),引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句常放在動(dòng)詞know, ask, care, wonder, find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if
2) 少數(shù)動(dòng)詞,如:leave, put, discuss, doubt后的賓語(yǔ)從句常用whether.
3)whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
2、哪些賓語(yǔ)從句不可以省略引導(dǎo)詞that
1)當(dāng)that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí);
2)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句較長(zhǎng)時(shí);
3)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞)與賓語(yǔ)從句之間有插入語(yǔ)時(shí);
4)當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí),此時(shí)第一個(gè)that可以省略,第二個(gè)that不可以省略;
5)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)是this, that或this, that做主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)時(shí);
6)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句是雙賓語(yǔ)中的直接賓語(yǔ)時(shí);
7)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或主語(yǔ)從句時(shí);
8)當(dāng)主語(yǔ)中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是固定詞組時(shí);
9)當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句有it做其先行詞時(shí);
3、賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移
1)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等,并且主句的主語(yǔ)是第一人稱(chēng)而且為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來(lái),其反義疑問(wèn)句一般與賓語(yǔ)從句一致.
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說(shuō)成I think he won’t come to my party. 我認(rèn)為他不會(huì)來(lái)我的舞會(huì).
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我認(rèn)為那個(gè)人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
2)如果賓語(yǔ)從句中有某個(gè)含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問(wèn)句要用肯定形式. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來(lái)不仔細(xì)聽(tīng)老師講課,是不是?
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