英語說明文的寫作方法指導(dǎo)

　　在英語說明文中，闡述和說明 “主觀抽象觀念”的說明文占了很大的比重，其中有些類似漢語中的議論文。但是無論是對“客觀具體事物”的說明還是對“主觀抽象觀念”的闡述，英語說明文從結(jié)構(gòu)上看大致可分為三個部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主題，也就是說，文章想要闡述、說明的主要內(nèi)容;第二部分是文章的主體，可由若干個段落組成，對文章的主題進(jìn)行展開說明;第三部分是結(jié)尾段，對文章的主題作歸納總結(jié)。從英語說明文的結(jié)構(gòu)可以看出，要寫好英語說明文的關(guān)鍵在于第二部分如何對文章主題進(jìn)行展開說明。在英語中，常見的用來展開文章主題的方法有下列幾種：

　　英語說明文的寫作方法指導(dǎo)

　　1.舉例法(examples)

　　舉例法是用具體的例子來說明我們要表達(dá)的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等詞語引出。下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用舉例法寫成的：

　　Recreation

　　It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娛樂)。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

　　There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (體力活) should adopt (采納) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

　　Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (輕松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

　　可以看出，舉例法和羅列法有時可以結(jié)合使用：即用羅列法來列出例子，用例子充實羅列的說明。

　　2.羅列法(listing)

　　在文章開始時提出需要說明的東西和觀點，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以羅列說明。羅列法廣泛地使用于各類指導(dǎo)性的說明文之中，下面這篇學(xué)生作文就是用羅列法寫成的：

　　Early Rising

　　Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。

　　Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

　　Thirdly， early rising enables (使能夠) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

　　Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

　　Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

　　羅列法經(jīng)常用下列句式展開段落，我們可以注意模仿學(xué)習(xí)：

　　There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

　　We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

　　必須指出的是，有時羅列法并不一定有明確的first， second…等詞，但文章還是以羅列論據(jù)展開的。

　　3.比較法(comparison and contrast)

　　比較法是對兩個對象進(jìn)行比較，從而進(jìn)行說明的寫作手法。比較法又可細(xì)分為比較相同點(comparison)和比較不同點(contrast)兩種方法，比如：

　　From Paragraph to Essay

　　Although they are different in length (長度)， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (結(jié)構(gòu))。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主題句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主題所在) Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引導(dǎo)的) paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence (結(jié)束句) ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外)， most well written expository (說明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

　　可以看出，在比較相同點的時候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等這樣的詞語。

　　European Football and American Football

　　Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field， is played with an elongated (拉長的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接觸) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (頂) it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponent's (對手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (區(qū)別) association and American football.

　　這是一篇用比較不同點的手法寫的說明文。從文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語常用來引導(dǎo)對不同點的比較。