FOR some people in this world, the glass always seems to be half-full. For others it is half-empty. But how someone comes to have a sunny disposition in the first place is an interesting question.

　　It has been known for a long time that optimists see the world selectively, mentally processing positive things while ignoring negative ones, and that this outlook helps determine their health and well-being. In recent years, it has also become clear that carriers of a particular version of a particular gene are at higher risk than others of depression and attempted suicide when they face traumatic events. The gene in question lies in a region of the genome that promotes the activity of a second gene, which encodes a protein called the serotonin transporter. Serotonin is a messenger molecule that carries signals between nerve cells, and it is known to modulate many aspects of human behaviour, although the details are complex and controversial. The transporter protein recycles serotonin back into the cell that produced it, making it available for reuse, but also reducing the amount in the junctions between cells and thus, it is presumed, the strength of the signal.

　　在這個(gè)世界上，對(duì)于一些人來說，玻璃杯里的水似乎總是半滿。對(duì)于另外一些人來說，玻璃杯里的水總是半空。但是樂觀者是如何首先獲得這種積極向上的天性的呢?這是個(gè)很有趣的問題。

　　長(zhǎng)久以來人們知道，樂觀者們選擇性地看待這個(gè)世界，他們的心理處理那些積極的事情但是忽略那些消極的事情，人們還知道這種心態(tài)有利于樂觀者們的健康和幸福。最近人們還清楚地發(fā)現(xiàn)對(duì)于有些攜帶某種特別形式的某種特別基因的人，他們?cè)诿鎸?duì)創(chuàng)傷性事件面前更加容易患上抑郁癥，也更容易嘗試自殺。這種特別的基因位于人類基因組的某個(gè)區(qū)域，這個(gè)區(qū)域激活第二種基因，而這第二種基因?qū)λ^的血清素傳輸子進(jìn)行蛋白質(zhì)編碼。血清素是一種信使分子，它傳輸神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間的信號(hào)。人們還知道血清素調(diào)節(jié)人類行為的許多方面，盡管其中的細(xì)節(jié)很復(fù)雜而且對(duì)其解釋也有爭(zhēng)議。傳輸?shù)鞍装蜒逅?ldquo;回收”到產(chǎn)生它的細(xì)胞，使其能重復(fù)利用，但是這也減少了細(xì)胞間的節(jié)點(diǎn)數(shù)量，因此人們也認(rèn)為減少了信號(hào)的強(qiáng)度。

　　It has looked increasingly likely, therefore, that genes—particularly those connected with serotonin—have a role to play in shaping a person’s outlook. So Elaine Fox and her colleagues at the University of Essex, in Britain, wondered whether genes play a part in the selective attention to positive or negative material, with consequent effects on outlook.

　　To find out, they took samples of DNA from about 100 people and then subjected these people to what is known as the dot-probe paradigm test to see how they reacted to different stimuli. In this test participants are briefly shown photographs that may be positive, negative or neutral in tone. They then have to press a keypad to indicate when a dot has appeared on the screen. It has been found by experience that the more distracting an image is, the longer a person takes to respond when the dot appears. That allowed Dr Fox and her team to discover how distracting particular people found particular images.

　　因此，人們?cè)絹碓桨l(fā)現(xiàn)基因——特別是與血清素相關(guān)的基因很可能對(duì)人們形成“世界觀”有作用。所以來自英國埃塞克斯大學(xué)(University of Essex) 的Elaine Fox 和她的同事想知道基因是否在對(duì)積極或者消極事件的選擇性注意上起一定的作用，從而影響“世界觀”。

　　為了找出答案，他們采集了大約100人的DNA樣品，然后對(duì)這些人進(jìn)行所謂的點(diǎn)探測(cè)任務(wù)實(shí)驗(yàn)，以便觀察他們對(duì)不同刺激的反應(yīng)。在這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者們短暫地看一些照片，這些照片的“格調(diào)”可能是積極的、消極的或者中性的。然后當(dāng)這些實(shí)驗(yàn)參與者們?cè)谄聊簧峡吹揭粋€(gè)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)后，必須按一下鍵盤。經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)照片越是分散人的注意力，那么當(dāng)點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在屏幕上后，人們就需要更長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間做出反應(yīng)。這就讓Fox博士和她的研究小組發(fā)現(xiàn)特定的人對(duì)特定的照片是如何被吸引的。

　　In a paper just published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B they report that, sure enough, gene-related variation caused a bias in attention towards positive and negative material. Some people had two “long” versions of the promoter gene (one inherited from each parent), a combination that reduces the amount of serotonin in the junctions between nerve cells. These individuals were biased towards positive images and away from negative ones. By contrast, those who had either a long and a short version of the gene, or two short versions (and thus, presumably, more serotonin in the junctions), did not have such protective biases. In other words, the optimists really did see the world differently.

　　Rose-tinted spectacles may be good for one’s health, as these results fit in with wider ideas about how a tendency to look on the bright side of life is part of being resilient to stress. Those with short variants of this gene are expected to have an increased susceptibility to mood disorders following such stress. It is not all good news, though, for optimists. Because these results suggest that a person’s attitude to life is inherited, they serve as a stark warning to all buoyant optimists that trying to cheer the rest of the world up with nothing more than a smile and an effortlessly sunny disposition is doomed to failure.

　　在剛剛發(fā)表于《皇家學(xué)會(huì)學(xué)報(bào)B》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B)的文章中，他們報(bào)道說，與基因相關(guān)的變化肯定導(dǎo)致了人們對(duì)積極和消極事物注意力的偏愛。有些人具有兩個(gè)“長(zhǎng)”版本的啟動(dòng)子基因(遺傳自雙親)，這種組合減少了神經(jīng)細(xì)胞節(jié)中血清素的含量。這些人偏愛積極的照片，而不喜歡消極的照片。相反，那些帶有一長(zhǎng)一短，或者兩短“版本”啟動(dòng)子基因的人就沒有這種保護(hù)性的偏愛，而這種基因組合可能使得神經(jīng)節(jié)中的血清素含量更高。換句話說，樂觀者們真地是以不同的方式看世界的。

　　積極的眼光可能對(duì)人的健康有好處，這些結(jié)果也和大眾的觀點(diǎn)相吻合， 那就是經(jīng)常看到生活陽光的一面會(huì)有助于應(yīng)付壓力。而那些“短”版基因的人在這樣的壓力下可能更易受到情緒混亂的影響。然而，對(duì)于樂觀者們來說，并非一切都是好消息。因?yàn)檫@些研究結(jié)果暗示一個(gè)人對(duì)待生活的態(tài)度可能來自于遺傳，這對(duì)所有的樂觀者們提供了一個(gè)嚴(yán)厲的警告：想僅僅依靠微笑和天生的積極性格讓整個(gè)世界都高興起來是注定不可行的。