勵(lì)志文章：不要吞食命運(yùn)的餅干

　　摘錄：你們都面對(duì)著那塊多出來(lái)的餅干。你們也將面對(duì)更多。隨著時(shí)間的推移，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你很容易覺得你本來(lái)就配得那塊多出來(lái)的餅干。就我所知，你可以這樣認(rèn)為。但你可以更快樂，這個(gè)世界也可以變得更美好，如果你能夠至少假裝你不配。

　　勵(lì)志文章：不要吞食命運(yùn)的餅干

　　Thank you. President Tilghman. Trustees and Friends. Parents of the Class of 2012. Above all, Members of the Princeton Class of 2012. Give yourself a round of applause. The next time you look around a church and see everyone dressed in black it'll be awkward to cheer. Enjoy the moment.

　　Thirty years ago I sat where you sat. I must have listened to some older person share his life experience. But I don't remember a word of it. I can't even tell you who spoke. What I do remember, vividly, is graduation. I'm told you're meant to be excited, perhaps even relieved, and maybe all of you are. I wasn't. I was totally outraged. Here I’d gone and given them four of the best years of my life and this is how they thanked me for it. By kicking me out.

　　感謝Tilghman主席，各位校董和朋友們， 2012年級(jí)的家長(zhǎng)們，還有最關(guān)鍵的，普林斯頓2012年級(jí)的同學(xué)們。請(qǐng)給自己一個(gè)掌聲吧。下一次你在一所教堂里看到大家都穿成黑色的時(shí)候，像這樣歡呼就很尷尬了。享受這一刻吧。

　　30年前，我坐在你所坐的地方。我一定也聽過(guò)某位年長(zhǎng)的人分享他的人生經(jīng)歷。但我已經(jīng)一點(diǎn)都不記得了。我連是誰(shuí)發(fā)言都沒印象了。而在我記憶中仍栩栩如生的，是畢業(yè)。他們告訴我你應(yīng)該很激動(dòng)，或者感到輕松，也許你們現(xiàn)在就是這樣。我卻不同。我義憤填膺：我來(lái)到這里給了他們我人生中最好的四年，而他們就是這樣報(bào)答我的——把我踢走。

　　At that moment I was sure of only one thing: I was of no possible economic value to the outside world. I'd majored in art history, for a start. Even then this was regarded as an act of insanity. I was almost certainly less prepared for the marketplace than most of you. Yet somehow I have wound up rich and famous. Well, sort of. I'm going to explain, briefly, how that happened. I want you to understand just how mysterious careers can be, before you go out and have one yourself. I graduated from Princeton without ever having published a word of anything, anywhere. I didn't write for the Prince, or for anyone else. But at Princeton, studying art history, I felt the first twinge of literary ambition. It happened while working on my senior thesis. My adviser was a truly gifted professor, an archaeologist named William Childs. The thesis tried to explain how the Italian sculptor Donatello used Greek and Roman sculpture — which is actually totally beside the point, but I've always wanted to tell someone. God knows what Professor Childs actually thought of it, but he helped me to become engrossed. More than engrossed: obsessed. When I handed it in I knew what I wanted to do for the rest of my life: to write senior theses. Or, to put it differently: to write books.

　　在那時(shí)我只確信一件事：我對(duì)外面的世界沒有任何經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值。我修的是藝術(shù)史，那是我的起點(diǎn)。即使在當(dāng)時(shí)這也被視為瘋子的行為。我為市場(chǎng)做的準(zhǔn)備一定差過(guò)幾乎在座的每一個(gè)人。而現(xiàn)在我竟搖身一變成了富人和名人。對(duì)吧，算是吧。我將簡(jiǎn)短的描述我是如何飛黃騰達(dá)的。我希望你們?cè)谧叱鲂ｉT追尋自己的事業(yè)前能夠明白，事業(yè)發(fā)展本身是多么神秘。我從普林斯頓畢業(yè)的時(shí)候從來(lái)沒有在任何地方任何時(shí)間發(fā)表任何東西。我沒有為the Prince刊物或任何人寫過(guò)任何文章。然而在普林斯頓大學(xué)，作為藝術(shù)史系的學(xué)生，我第一次有了在文學(xué)界施展抱負(fù)的沖動(dòng)。這是在我寫畢業(yè)論文的時(shí)候發(fā)生的。我的導(dǎo)師是個(gè)超有天分的教授，William Childs，一位考古學(xué)家。我畢業(yè)論文的題目是研究意大利雕塑家Donatello如何借鑒了希臘和羅馬雕塑——其實(shí)這跟今天的題目半毛錢關(guān)系都沒有，只是我一直喜歡讓別人知道。神知道Childs教授是怎么看待這個(gè)題目的，但他卻幫助我全心投入。不只是全心投入，根本就是癡迷。當(dāng)我交上論文的那刻我知道了我這一生想要從事的事業(yè)：寫高級(jí)論文，或者說(shuō)，寫書。

　　Then I went to my thesis defense. It was just a few yards from here, in McCormick Hall. I listened and waited for Professor Childs to say how well written my thesis was. He didn't. And so after about 45 minutes I finally said, "So. What did you think of the writing?" "Put it this way" he said. "Never try to make a living at it." And I didn't — not really. I did what everyone does who has no idea what to do with themselves: I went to graduate school. I wrote at nights, without much effect, mainly because I hadn't the first clue what I should write about. One night I was invited to a dinner, where I sat next to the wife of a big shot at a giant Wall Street investment bank, called Salomon Brothers. She more or less forced her husband to give me a job. I knew next to nothing about Salomon Brothers. But Salomon Brothers happened to be where Wall Street was being reinvented—into the place we have all come to know and love. When I got there I was assigned, almost arbitrarily, to the very best job in which to observe the growing madness: they turned me into the house expert on derivatives. A year and a half later Salomon Brothers was handing me a check for hundreds of thousands of dollars to give advice about derivatives to professional investors.

　　然后我去了論文答辯。地方離這不遠(yuǎn)，就在McCormick廳。我等待著希望聽到Childs教授告訴我我的論文寫得多么好。但他沒有。于是等了45分鐘后，我終于問，“那你怎么評(píng)價(jià)我的寫作呢?”“這么說(shuō)吧，”他說(shuō)。 “千萬(wàn)不要靠這個(gè)謀生。”所以我放棄了——其實(shí)不是。我做了所有人不知道該做什么時(shí)做的那件事：去讀研究生。我在晚上寫作，沒有造成什么影響，主要是因?yàn)槲也恢涝搶懩男〇|西。一天晚上，我被邀請(qǐng)參加一個(gè)晚宴，我身旁的女士是一個(gè)華爾街投資銀行的大佬的太太，那家銀行叫做所羅門兄弟公司。她基本上迫使她的丈夫給了我一份工作。我那時(shí)對(duì)所羅門兄弟公司根本一無(wú)所知。但所羅門兄弟公司恰好處在華爾街轉(zhuǎn)型的前線——轉(zhuǎn)成那個(gè)如今我們都知道并愛的樣子。當(dāng)我到了那家公司，我被幾乎隨機(jī)的分配到了一份最好的工作，使我有機(jī)會(huì)觀察這滋長(zhǎng)中的瘋狂：他們把我變成一個(gè)衍生產(chǎn)品的內(nèi)部專家。一年半以后，所羅門兄弟開給我數(shù)十萬(wàn)美元的支票讓我給專業(yè)投資者提供有關(guān)衍生產(chǎn)品的咨詢。

　　Now I had something to write about: Salomon Brothers. Wall Street had become so unhinged that it was paying recent Princeton graduates who knew nothing about money small fortunes to pretend to be experts about money. I'd stumbled into my next senior thesis. I called up my father. I told him I was going to quit this job that now promised me millions of dollars to write a book for an advance of 40 grand. There was a long pause on the other end of the line. "You might just want to think about that," he said."Why?" "Stay at Salomon Brothers 10 years, make your fortune, and then write your books," he said. I didn't need to think about it. I knew what intellectual passion felt like — because I'd felt it here, at Princeton — and I wanted to feel it again. I was 26 years old. Had I waited until I was 36, I would never have done it. I would have forgotten the feeling.

　　現(xiàn)在，我有東西可寫了：所羅門兄弟公司。華爾街已經(jīng)變得如此的精神錯(cuò)亂，它會(huì)給普林斯頓一個(gè)對(duì)金錢一竅不通的新畢業(yè)生一大筆錢來(lái)假扮理財(cái)專家。我誤打誤撞找到了自己的下一部高級(jí)論文。我打給我爸爸。我告訴他我要辭掉這個(gè)百萬(wàn)美元的工作來(lái)寫一本只有4萬(wàn)美元預(yù)付款的書。電話那邊沉默了很久。 “也許你該再考慮一下，”他說(shuō)。“為什么?”在所羅門兄弟公司再干10年，賺一大筆錢，然后再寫你的書，”他說(shuō)。我根本不需要考慮。我知道知性表達(dá)的激情是什么感覺——因?yàn)樵谶@里，普林斯頓，我曾感受過(guò)——而我想重燃那份激情。我那時(shí)26歲。如果我真的等到36歲，我將永遠(yuǎn)無(wú)法寫成那本書。我會(huì)已經(jīng)忘記了那種感覺。

　　The book I wrote was called "Liar’s Poker." It sold a million copies. I was 28 years old. I had a career, a little fame, a small fortune and a new life narrative. All of a sudden people were telling me I was born to be a writer. This was absurd. Even I could see there was another, truer narrative, with luck as its theme. What were the odds of being seated at that dinner next to that Salomon Brothers lady? Of landing inside the best Wall Street firm from which to write the story of an age? Of landing in the seat with the best view of the business? Of having parents who didn't disinherit me but instead sighed and said "do it if you must?" Of having had that sense of must kindled inside me by a professor of art history at Princeton? Of having been let into Princeton in the first place? This isn't just false humility. It's false humility with a point. My case illustrates how success is always rationalized. People really don’t like to hear success explained away as luck — especially successful people. As they age, and succeed, people feel their success was somehow inevitable. They don't want to acknowledge the role played by accident in their lives. There is a reason for this: the world does not want to acknowledge it either.

　　我的這本書名叫《說(shuō)謊者的撲克牌》。賣了100萬(wàn)冊(cè)。我那時(shí)28歲。我有了一項(xiàng)事業(yè)，一點(diǎn)名氣，一筆財(cái)富，和一個(gè)新的生命傳奇。突然間所有的人都告訴我我天生就是作家的料。這太扯淡了。即使我都能看的明白，有另一種更真實(shí)的傳奇，它的主題是運(yùn)氣。那頓晚宴剛好坐在所羅門兄弟女士身旁的幾率有多大呢?空降在一個(gè)最好的華爾街公司，從而有機(jī)會(huì)寫這個(gè)時(shí)代的故事的幾率有多大呢?正好坐在一個(gè)可以俯瞰行業(yè)全景的職位上的幾率又有多大呢?碰巧遇到這樣父母，沒有與我斷絕關(guān)系，而只是嘆了口氣，說(shuō)：“如果你非要這樣就去做吧”，這樣的幾率又是多大呢?有幸心中有被普林斯頓藝術(shù)史教授點(diǎn)燃的那種“非做不可”的激情的幾率又有多大呢?而最初能夠入讀普林斯頓的幾率又是多大呢?我不是在裝謙虛。我是在有目的的裝謙虛。我的經(jīng)歷表明了成功一直是如何被世人理解的。人們真的不喜歡聽到的成功被歸結(jié)到運(yùn)氣上面—— 尤其是成功人士。當(dāng)他們年齡增長(zhǎng)，當(dāng)他們步向成功，他們覺得自己的成功根本是歷史的必然。他們不愿承認(rèn)機(jī)會(huì)事件在他們生命中所扮演的角色。他們這么認(rèn)為是有原因的：這個(gè)世界也不愿意承認(rèn)運(yùn)氣的角色。

　　I wrote a book about this, called "Moneyball." It was ostensibly about baseball but was in fact about something else. There are poor teams and rich teams in professional baseball, and they spend radically different sums of money on their players. When I wrote my book the richest team in professional baseball, the New York Yankees, was then spending about 0 million on its 25 players. The poorest team, the Oakland A's, was spending about million. And yet the Oakland team was winning as many games as the Yankees — and more than all the other richer teams.

　　為這我寫了一本書，叫《錢球》。這表面上是寫棒球，其實(shí)是在寫別的東西。在職棒里有窮的球隊(duì)和富的球隊(duì)，他們用在球員身上的錢有巨額的差異。當(dāng)我寫這本書的時(shí)候，職棒里最富的球隊(duì)，紐約洋基隊(duì)，在它的25名球員身上花費(fèi)約1.2億美元。而最窮的隊(duì)，奧克蘭A隊(duì)的花費(fèi)大約是3000萬(wàn)美元。然而奧克蘭隊(duì)卻贏了和洋基一樣多的比賽——超過(guò)其他那些富有的球隊(duì)。

　　This isn't supposed to happen. In theory, the rich teams should buy the best players and win all the time. But the Oakland team had figured something out: the rich teams didn't really understand who the best baseball players were. The players were misvalued. And the biggest single reason they were misvalued was that the experts did not pay sufficient attention to the role of luck in baseball success. Players got given credit for things they did that depended on the performance of others: pitchers got paid for winning games, hitters got paid for knocking in runners on base. Players got blamed and credited for events beyond their control. Where balls that got hit happened to land on the field, for example.

　　這本是不應(yīng)發(fā)生的。理論上講，有錢的球隊(duì)?wèi)?yīng)該買最好的球員，并贏得所有比賽。但奧克蘭隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)秘密：有錢的球隊(duì)并不真正明白誰(shuí)是最好的球員。球員們被錯(cuò)估了。而他們被錯(cuò)估的根本原因在于專家們沒有在棒球成功中給予運(yùn)氣足夠的重視。球員們因他們基于其他人的好表現(xiàn)上做的事情而得到稱贊：投手的身價(jià)由勝場(chǎng)決定，擊球手的身價(jià)由送壘上跑者得分決定。球員們因他們無(wú)法控制的事件而受到批評(píng)或稱贊。比如說(shuō)他們擊中的球恰好落在場(chǎng)地的哪個(gè)位置。

　　Forget baseball, forget sports. Here you had these corporate employees, paid millions of dollars a year. They were doing exactly the same job that people in their business had been doing forever. In front of millions of people, who evaluate their every move. They had statistics attached to everything they did. And yet they were misvalued — because the wider world was blind to their luck.

　　放下棒球和體育不談。現(xiàn)在你有一批企業(yè)員工，年薪幾百萬(wàn)美刀。他們做的事和他們行業(yè)里其他人一直以來(lái)做的事沒有任何差別。有幾百萬(wàn)人評(píng)價(jià)他們的一舉一動(dòng)。他們做的每一件事都有數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)。但他們卻被錯(cuò)估了——因?yàn)檫@個(gè)世界忽視了他們的運(yùn)氣成分。

　　This had been going on for a century. Right under all of our noses. And no one noticed — until it paid a poor team so well to notice that they could not afford not to notice. And you have to ask: if a professional athlete paid millions of dollars can be misvalued who can't be? If the supposedly pure meritocracy of professional sports can't distinguish between lucky and good, who can?

　　就在我們的眼皮子底下，這樣的事已經(jīng)持續(xù)上演了一個(gè)世紀(jì)。卻沒有人能夠注意到——直到當(dāng)一個(gè)窮球隊(duì)發(fā)現(xiàn)這里實(shí)在有利可圖，不得不去留意的時(shí)候。所以你不得不問：如果一個(gè)百萬(wàn)美元身價(jià)的職業(yè)球員可以被錯(cuò)估，那誰(shuí)不會(huì)被錯(cuò)估呢?如果完全奉行精英主義的職業(yè)體壇無(wú)法區(qū)分好運(yùn)和優(yōu)異，誰(shuí)又能夠區(qū)分呢?

　　The "Moneyball" story has practical implications. If you use better data, you can find better values; there are always market inefficiencies to exploit, and so on. But it has a broader and less practical message: don't be deceived by life's outcomes. Life's outcomes, while not entirely random, have a huge amount of luck baked into them. Above all, recognize that if you have had success, you have also had luck — and with luck comes obligation. You owe a debt, and not just to your Gods. You owe a debt to the unlucky.

　　《錢球》這個(gè)故事具有實(shí)際意義。如果你使用更好的數(shù)據(jù)，你可以找到更好的價(jià)值;總會(huì)存在價(jià)值有待挖掘的市場(chǎng)低效配置，等等。但它有一個(gè)更廣泛而不那么實(shí)際的信息：不要被生活的結(jié)果蒙騙。生活的結(jié)果，雖不是完全隨機(jī)的，卻摻雜了很多運(yùn)氣成分在其中。最重要的，是要認(rèn)識(shí)到，如果你獲得成功，你也同時(shí)曾獲得好運(yùn)——而運(yùn)氣帶來(lái)義務(wù)。你欠了一筆債，不只是欠你的神。你也欠那些沒你那么好運(yùn)的人的債。

　　I make this point because — along with this speech — it is something that will be easy for you to forget.

　　我特別提出這一點(diǎn)，是因?yàn)楹瓦@個(gè)演講一樣，這將是你很容易遺忘的東西。

　　I now live in Berkeley, California. A few years ago, just a few blocks from my home, a pair of researchers in the Cal psychology department staged an experiment. They began by grabbing students, as lab rats. Then they broke the students into teams, segregated by sex. Three men, or three women, per team. Then they put these teams of three into a room, and arbitrarily assigned one of the three to act as leader. Then they gave them some complicated moral problem to solve: say what should be done about academic cheating, or how to regulate drinking on campus.

　　我現(xiàn)在住在加州伯克利。幾年前，就在離我家?guī)讉€(gè)街區(qū)遠(yuǎn)的地方，加大心理系的幾個(gè)研究人員搞了一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。他們像抓小白鼠一樣找來(lái)了一批學(xué)生。然后他們給學(xué)生分組，按性別分開。每組三個(gè)男生或者三個(gè)女生。然后他們讓這樣的小組進(jìn)到房間里，然后隨機(jī)選取三人中的一個(gè)作為組長(zhǎng)。然后他們讓他們處理各種復(fù)雜的道德問題：比如說(shuō)應(yīng)該如何對(duì)待學(xué)術(shù)造假，或者如何控制校園酗酒問題。

　　Exactly 30 minutes into the problem-solving the researchers interrupted each group. They entered the room bearing a plate of cookies. Four cookies. The team consisted of three people, but there were these four cookies. Every team member obviously got one cookie, but that left a fourth cookie, just sitting there. It should have been awkward. But it wasn't. With incredible consistency the person arbitrarily appointed leader of the group grabbed the fourth cookie, and ate it. Not only ate it, but ate it with gusto: lips smacking, mouth open, drool at the corners of their mouths. In the end all that was left of the extra cookie were crumbs on the leader's shirt.

　　在他們開始解決問題30分鐘時(shí)，研究人員們會(huì)打斷各組。他們會(huì)拿著一盤餅干進(jìn)入房間?？偣菜膲K，小組里有三個(gè)人，但卻有四塊餅干。顯然每個(gè)成員分到了一塊，但還剩下第四塊放在那兒。這本應(yīng)該是個(gè)尷尬的處境。但事實(shí)并非如此。每個(gè)組的表現(xiàn)難以置信的一致，那個(gè)被隨機(jī)任命做組長(zhǎng)的人拿了第四塊餅干，并把它吃了。不僅吃了，而且吃的津津有味：咂咂做響，大嚼特嚼，口水橫流。最后那塊餅干剩下的只有組長(zhǎng)衣領(lǐng)上的餅干渣了。

　　This leader had performed no special task. He had no special virtue. He'd been chosen at random, 30 minutes earlier. His status was nothing but luck. But it still left him with the sense that the cookie should be his.

　　這位組長(zhǎng)沒有任何豐功偉績(jī)，也沒有過(guò)人的美德。他只是30分鐘前隨機(jī)被選的。他的身份除了運(yùn)氣什么都沒有。但他仍然覺得餅干應(yīng)該是他的。

　　This experiment helps to explain Wall Street bonuses and CEO pay, and I'm sure lots of other human behavior. But it also is relevant to new graduates of Princeton University. In a general sort of way you have been appointed the leader of the group. Your appointment may not be entirely arbitrary. But you must sense its arbitrary aspect: you are the lucky few. Lucky in your parents, lucky in your country, lucky that a place like Princeton exists that can take in lucky people, introduce them to other lucky people, and increase their chances of becoming even luckier. Lucky that you live in the richest society the world has ever seen, in a time when no one actually expects you to sacrifice your interests to anything.

　　這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)有助于解釋華爾街的獎(jiǎng)金和CEO薪酬，我也確信它還可以解釋很多人類行為。但它同時(shí)也和普林斯頓大學(xué)的新畢業(yè)生有關(guān)。通過(guò)某種一般性的方式，你已被任命為小組領(lǐng)袖。你的任命不一定是完全隨機(jī)的。但你必須意識(shí)到它的隨機(jī)的那一面：你們是少數(shù)的幸運(yùn)兒。幸運(yùn)在于你有這樣的父母，幸運(yùn)在于你有這樣的國(guó)家，幸運(yùn)在于有普林斯頓這樣的地方，專門吸引幸運(yùn)的人，把他們介紹給其他幸運(yùn)的人，并增加他們更加幸運(yùn)的機(jī)會(huì)。幸運(yùn)在于你正處于世界歷史上最富饒的社會(huì)，處于一個(gè)沒有人會(huì)要求你為任何事犧牲自己的意思的時(shí)代。

　　All of you have been faced with the extra cookie. All of you will be faced with many more of them. In time you will find it easy to assume that you deserve the extra cookie. For all I know, you may. But you'll be happier, and the world will be better off, if you at least pretend that you don't.

　　你們都面對(duì)著那塊多出來(lái)的餅干。你們也將面對(duì)更多。隨著時(shí)間的推移，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你很容易覺得你本來(lái)就配得那塊多出來(lái)的餅干。就我所知，你可以這樣認(rèn)為。但你可以更快樂，這個(gè)世界也可以變得更美好，如果你能夠至少假裝你不配。

　　Never forget: In the nation's service. In the service of all nations. Thank you. And good luck.

　　永遠(yuǎn)不要忘記：為國(guó)效力，為萬(wàn)國(guó)效力。謝謝。祝你們好運(yùn)。