中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文
中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文
經(jīng)典美文可以陶冶情操,豐富想象,還可以培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對(duì)語(yǔ)言文字的興趣,有益于培養(yǎng)他們的英語(yǔ)素養(yǎng)。學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理了中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文，歡迎閱讀!
中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文篇一
Television
Television -- the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies,marked by rapidchange and growth --is moving into a new era,an era of extraordinary sophistication andversatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution ofsorts, made possible by the marriage of television and computer technologies.
The word "television", derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, canliterally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through asophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which canbe sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), canthen be electronically reconstituted into that same image.
Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as wellas a vehicle for communication, and as such becomes a powerful tool for reaching otherhuman beings.
The field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means oftransmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broad-based airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television,whichprovides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlledtransmission techniques.
Traditionally, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with broadcasttelevision because it has been with us for about thirty-seven years in a form similar to whatexists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcastnetworks, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, andentertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but ourperception of it as well. We have come to look upon the picture tube as a source ofentertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer.
電視
電視--以快速變化與發(fā)展為標(biāo)志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步入一個(gè)極端復(fù)雜化與多樣化的新時(shí)代。 這個(gè)時(shí)代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關(guān)鍵在于電視技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的結(jié)合。"電視"這個(gè)詞來(lái)源于希臘語(yǔ)詞根(tele：遠(yuǎn))和拉丁語(yǔ)詞根(vision：景象)，可以從字面上理解為來(lái)自遠(yuǎn)處的景象。 簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)來(lái)，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過(guò)一個(gè)復(fù)雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視能夠?qū)⒁环鶊D像(這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機(jī)內(nèi)的一塊特殊的光導(dǎo)底片上)轉(zhuǎn)換成能經(jīng)過(guò)導(dǎo)線或電纜發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號(hào)。 當(dāng)這些電子脈沖信號(hào)被輸入一部接收機(jī)(電視機(jī))時(shí)，就可以用電子學(xué)的方法把脈沖信號(hào)重新恢復(fù)成同一幅圖像。但是，電視不僅僅是一個(gè)電子系統(tǒng)，它還是一種表達(dá)工具和傳播渠道。 因此，電視成了一個(gè)對(duì)其他人發(fā)生影響的強(qiáng)大工具。電視這個(gè)領(lǐng)域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類(lèi)。 第一類(lèi)為廣播電視，通過(guò)電視信號(hào)的寬帶無(wú)線電波發(fā)射展現(xiàn)在大眾面前;第二類(lèi)為非廣播電視，使用受控的發(fā)射技術(shù)來(lái)滿足個(gè)人以及某些特殊利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。 我們熟悉廣播電視，因?yàn)閺V播電視已經(jīng)以類(lèi)似 目前的方式存在了大約37 年。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由ABC、NBC、CBS 這些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂(lè)的主要提供者。 這些廣播業(yè)的巨頭實(shí)際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對(duì)電視的理解。 我們漸漸把顯像管看作是娛樂(lè)的來(lái)源，讓自己成為這個(gè)生動(dòng)的媒介的被動(dòng)觀眾。
中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文篇二
Telecommuting
Telecommuting -- substituting the computer for the trip to the job--has been hailed as asolution to all kinds of problems related to office work.
For workers it promises freedom from the office, less time wasted in traffic, and help with child-care conflicts. For management, telecommuting helps keep high performers on board, minimizestardiness and absenteeism by eliminating commutes, allows periods of solitude for high-concentration tasks, and provides scheduling flexibility.
In some areas, such as Southern California and Seattle, Washington, local governments areencouraging companies to start telecommuting programs in order to reduce rush-hourcongestion and improve air quality.
But these benefits do not come easily. Making a telecommuting program work requires carefulplanning and an understanding of the differences between telecommuting realities and popularimages.
Many workers are seduced by rosy illusions of life as a telecommuter. A computer programmerfrom New York City moves to the tranquil Adirondack Mountains and stays in contact with heroffice via computer. A manager comes in to his office three days a week and works at home theother two. An accountant stays home to care for her sick child; she hooks up her telephonemodem connections and does office work between calls to the doctor.
These are powerful images, but they are a limited reflection of reality. Telecommuting workerssoon learn that it is almost impossible to concentrate on work and care for a young child atthe same time. Before a certain age, young children cannot recognize, much less respect, thenecessary boundaries between work and family.Additional child support is necessary if theparent is to get any work done.
Management too must separate the myth from the reality. Although the media has paid agreat deal of attention to telecommuting in most cases it is the employee's situation, not theavailability of technology that precipitates a telecommuting arrangement.
That is partly why,despite the widespread press coverage,the number of companies withwork-at-home programs or policy guidelines remains small.
電子交通
電子交通--用電腦取代上班的往返--作為對(duì)各種各樣的辦公室工作問(wèn)題的解決辦法已受到了歡迎。 對(duì)工作者來(lái)說(shuō)，它承諾不受辦公室的約束，更少的時(shí)間浪費(fèi)在交通上和有助于解決照看小孩的矛盾。 對(duì)管理者來(lái)說(shuō)，電子交通有助于挽留高效率的工作者，通過(guò)省去辦公室與家之間的來(lái)回往返，大大減少工作拖拉和曠工，給予管理者獨(dú)處的時(shí)間來(lái)完成需要高度集中精神的任務(wù)，為管理者提供靈活的時(shí)間安排。 在一些地區(qū)，如南加利福尼亞和西雅圖、華盛頓，地方政府鼓勵(lì)公司開(kāi)始電子交通計(jì)劃以減少交通高峰時(shí)的塞車(chē)和提高空氣質(zhì)量。
但這些益處也來(lái)之不易。 要使電子交通成功需要仔細(xì)的計(jì)劃并且理解電子交通的現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況和流行的想象之間的區(qū)別。 許多工作者被電子交通的美好幻想所迷惑。 一位電腦程序設(shè)計(jì)員從紐約市搬到了寧?kù)o的阿第倫達(dá)克山，用電腦保持與她辦公室之間的聯(lián)系。 一位經(jīng)理一周三天到辦公室，其他兩天在家工作;一位會(huì)計(jì)師在家照顧她生病的孩子，接通電話調(diào)制解調(diào)器的接頭，在同醫(yī)生通話之余完成辦公室工作。 這些是很有震撼力的情景，但也是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)有限的反映。 電子交通者很快發(fā)現(xiàn)在同一時(shí)間專注工作和照看小孩幾乎是不可能的。在某個(gè)年齡之前，小孩子不可能意識(shí)到，更不可能尊重工作與家庭之間的界限。 如果家長(zhǎng)要完成工作，就必須另外照看小孩。 管理階層必須把現(xiàn)實(shí)同神話分開(kāi)。 雖然傳媒對(duì)電子交通投入了極大的關(guān)注，但在很大程度上，是員工的實(shí)際情況而不是技術(shù)的可能性促成電子交通的安排。 這就是為什么盡管有廣泛的報(bào)導(dǎo)，具有在家工作項(xiàng)目或行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)的公司數(shù)目依然很少的部分原因。
中學(xué)生初一英語(yǔ)美文篇三
Statistics
There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units(state and statistics come from the same Latin root status) and a gentlemanly gambling fatherwho relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. Theinfluence of the mother on the offspring,statistics, is represented by counting,measuring,describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses -- all of which led tomodern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferentialstatistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.
Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting and describing collections of data. These datamay be quantitative such as measures of height, intelligence or grade level -- variables thatare characterized by an underlying continuum -- or the data may represent qualitativevariables, such as sex, college major or personality type. Large masses of data must generallyundergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible.Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensibleform the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.
Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems thatpresent great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problemscharacteristically involve attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. Forexample, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a largeschool system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, orwhatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it isunnecessary and inefficient to question each child: the proportion for the entire districtcould be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, thepurpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population froma knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.
統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)
統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的早期發(fā)展受到兩種截然不同的影響。 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)有一個(gè)"母親"，她致力于井井有條地記錄政府機(jī)構(gòu)的文件(國(guó)家和統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)這兩個(gè)詞源于同一個(gè)拉丁語(yǔ)詞根，status)，還有一個(gè)有紳士般的賭博"父親"，他依靠數(shù)學(xué)來(lái)提高賭技，以便在幾率的游戲中取勝。 "母親"對(duì)其子女統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的影響表現(xiàn)在計(jì)數(shù)、測(cè)量、描述、制表、歸類(lèi)和人口普查。 所有這些導(dǎo)致了現(xiàn)代描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的誕生。 由于"父親"的影響則產(chǎn)生了完全基于概率論原理的現(xiàn)代推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。 描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)涉及對(duì)所收集數(shù)據(jù)的制表、制圖和描述。 這些數(shù)據(jù)可以是數(shù)量性的數(shù)據(jù)，如高度、智商、或者是層級(jí)性的數(shù)據(jù)--具有連續(xù)性的變量--或數(shù)據(jù)也可以代表性質(zhì)變量，如性別、大學(xué)專業(yè)或性格類(lèi)型等等。 數(shù)量龐大的數(shù)據(jù)通常必須經(jīng)過(guò)概括或刪減的程序才能為人所理解。 描述統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)就是這樣一個(gè)工具，它對(duì)極其龐雜的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行描述、概括或刪減，使其變成能為人理解的東西。 推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)是一套已定形了的方法體系，它解決的是光憑人腦極難解決的另一類(lèi)問(wèn)題。 這類(lèi)問(wèn)題的顯著特點(diǎn)是試圖通過(guò)取樣調(diào)查來(lái)作出預(yù)測(cè)。 例如，有一位教育督察想知道在一個(gè)龐大的學(xué)校系統(tǒng)中，不吃早飯就上學(xué)的學(xué)生、已經(jīng)做過(guò)防感冒免疫的學(xué)生，或其它任何類(lèi)型的學(xué)生占多大比例。 若具備一些統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的知識(shí)，這位督察應(yīng)明白，詢問(wèn)每個(gè)孩子是沒(méi)有必要而且沒(méi)有效率的，只要用100 個(gè)孩子為樣本，他就可以相當(dāng)精確地得出這些孩子占整個(gè)學(xué)區(qū)的比例了。 因此，推理統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)的目的就是通過(guò)了解一個(gè)群體中一些樣本的特性，從而對(duì)整個(gè)群體的特性進(jìn)行推測(cè)和估算。
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