英語文化：揭秘極客帝國“硅谷”
英語文化：揭秘極客帝國“硅谷”
摘要：英國有Silicon Fen, Silicon Roundabout, 蘇格蘭有silicon glen。柏林吹捧Silicon Allee, 紐約則是Silicon Alley。但是整個(gè)科技世界的大腦則是位于舊金山中心及周邊的這個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。硅谷的創(chuàng)業(yè)家、發(fā)明家，科技能手和賺錢能手都在為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)方面引領(lǐng)革命。
Silicon Valley should be celebrated. But its insularity risks a backlash
THE English have Silicon Fen and Silicon Roundabout, the Scots have Silicon Glen. Berlin boasts Silicon Allee, New York Silicon Alley. But the brain of the tech world is the ecosystem in and around San Francisco. Silicon Valley’s entrepreneurs and innovators, technologists and moneymen are busy revolutionising nearly every aspect of the global economy.
硅谷應(yīng)當(dāng)受到歡慶。但是它的與世隔絕可能會在將來造成公眾的口誅筆伐
揭秘極客帝國“硅谷”
英國有Silicon Fen, Silicon Roundabout, 蘇格蘭有silicon glen。柏林吹捧Silicon Allee, 紐約則是Silicon Alley。但是整個(gè)科技世界的大腦則是位于舊金山中心及周邊的這個(gè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。硅谷的創(chuàng)業(yè)家、發(fā)明家，科技能手和賺錢能手都在為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的各個(gè)方面引領(lǐng)革命。
A place named for its skill in making silicon-packed semiconductors is transforming how firms make decisions, people make friends and protesters make a fuss. Startups touch more people, more quickly than ever before. Airbnb, a seven-year-old firm that helps people turn their homes into hotels, operates in 34,000 towns and cities around the world. “On-demand” firms like Uber are changing what it means to be an employee. Just as the big platforms like Google, Facebook and Apple benefit from “network effects”, because each new user makes the service more valuable for all the others, so the Valley’s success as a venue to launch, fund, staff and sell a technology firm is feeding on itself (see article).
這個(gè)地方以其制造硅密集的半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)而命名，它在改變著公司決策、人們交友、抗議者聚眾鬧事的方式。創(chuàng)業(yè)公司在以前所未有的速度影響著更多的人。Airbnb，一家?guī)腿藗儼鸭易兂陕灭^的七年公司，在世界上34000個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)中運(yùn)營著他們的生意。“隨叫隨到”的公司，如Uber，正在改變“雇員”的定義。就像谷歌、臉書和蘋果從“網(wǎng)絡(luò)效應(yīng)”中獲益一樣，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)新用戶都會讓某項(xiàng)服務(wù)對所有其他用戶更加有價(jià)值，所以硅谷作為發(fā)布、集資、雇傭到賣掉一家科技公司的一站式地點(diǎn)，這種成功在不斷自我延續(xù)。
As a result, American capitalism has a new hub in the west. Wall Street used to be the place to seek fortunes and make deals; now it is increasingly the Valley. The area’s tech companies are worth over trillion. Last year one in five American business-school graduates piled into tech. Jamie Dimon, the boss of JPMorgan Chase, has warned of mounting competition for Wall Street. Goldman Sachs recently held its annual shareholder meeting in San Francisco.
于是美國的資本主義在西部有了新的樞紐。華爾街過去是尋求財(cái)富和做買賣的地方;如今越來越多是在硅谷。硅谷地區(qū)的科技公司價(jià)值3萬億。去年美國商學(xué)院的畢業(yè)生中每五個(gè)就有一個(gè)踏進(jìn)科技領(lǐng)域。摩根大通集團(tuán)的老板Jamie Dimon曾經(jīng)警告華爾街說競爭會越來越激烈。高盛將最近一次股東大會放在舊金山舉行。
The enormous, disruptive creativity of Silicon Valley is unlike anything since the genius of the great 19th-century inventors. Its triumph is to be celebrated. But the accumulation of so much wealth so fast comes with risks. The 1990s saw a financial bubble that ended in a spectacular bust. This time the danger is insularity. The geeks live in a bubble that seals off their empire from the world they are doing so much to change.
硅谷無與倫比、破舊立新的創(chuàng)造力是自19世紀(jì)偉大的天才發(fā)明家以來前所未見的。它的勝利值得慶祝。但是財(cái)富積累得如此迅速如此之多，勢必帶來風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。九十年代見證了金融泡沫的轟然倒塌。這次的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是極客們的與世隔絕。他們畫出了一個(gè)泡泡，將自己的帝國和他們改變良多的世界隔絕開來。
Silicon lining
硅谷中的一線光明
The American economy would be hit hard by a repeat of the financial shock that followed the dotcom crash in 2000. With the NASDAQ index near its record high, this is a common fear. Fortunately, although money and talent are pouring into the Valley, there is not yet much danger of a disastrous bust. That is because tech companies today not only have more robust business models than their dotcom predecessors did (ie, many actually make money), but they also rely on a smaller group of financial backers.
美國經(jīng)濟(jì)會在2000年互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫崩潰后受到一輪輪金融動蕩的襲擊。納斯達(dá)克指數(shù)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)臨近歷史最高點(diǎn)，人們普遍感到恐慌。雖然人才和錢財(cái)瘋狂涌入硅谷，但是幸運(yùn)的是一場災(zāi)難性的崩潰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并不大。因?yàn)榻袢盏目萍脊静粌H比互聯(lián)網(wǎng)泡沫時(shí)期的科技公司有更具彈性的商業(yè)模型(比如，很多公司實(shí)際是盈利的)，而且他們背后有小型金融財(cái)團(tuán)的支持。
Today’s firms are staying private for longer. Tech firms that went public in 2014 were on average 11 years old; back in 1999 they waited only four years before listing their shares. Tapping wealthy investors means risk is borne by people who can afford to take losses. It is easy to lament the decline of the publicly listed company (though even when founders do list they keep a tight rein), but if tech firms fall short of their promises, ordinary investors are less likely to see their wealth destroyed.
如今的公司愿意花更長時(shí)間保持私有。2014年上市的科技公司平均有11年歷史;1999年科技公司在創(chuàng)業(yè)4年后就公開股份。利用富有的投資人就意味著由這些不怕?lián)p失的人們來承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。對上市公司數(shù)量的下降感到遺憾是太簡單的事情(即使創(chuàng)始人將公司上市，他們還是將公司控制在咫尺之內(nèi))，但是如果科技公司無法踐行諾言，一般投資者不大可能受到損失。
Staying private allows entrepreneurs to avoid the headaches that come from being quoted: the nuisance of activist investors, the drudgery of compliance, the vision-crushing ritual of quarterly reporting. In theory, a coterie of investors is better than an anonymous multitude of shareholders at making sure managers act in the interests of all a firm’s owners.
公司不上市讓創(chuàng)業(yè)者們不必為自己的言論上報(bào)而頭疼：激進(jìn)投資人的煩人行徑，費(fèi)力不討好的迎合，摧毀遠(yuǎn)見的季度報(bào)告。理論上，在確保管理層的行為符合所有公司所有者的利益上，一小撮投資者總比一大堆不知名的股東更好對付。
But staying private has risks, too. One is that firms under no obligation to make public a full set of audited accounts will remain veiled from the scrutiny of analysts and short-sellers and so act irresponsibly. America’s tech “unicorns”—firms that have reached a valuation of more than class="main">
英語文化：揭秘極客帝國“硅谷”
但是不上市也有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其一是，如果公司沒有將審計(jì)賬目公開的義務(wù)，它們將遠(yuǎn)離分析人員和賣空行家的審視目光，所以這些公司會胡作非為。美國科技“獨(dú)角獸”——價(jià)值超過十億美元的公司——總共價(jià)值三千億美元。這些資金被錯(cuò)置的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高。
The other risk is that a charmed circle with great wealth becomes cut off from everyone else. For a group rewriting the rules for industry after industry, that is a special danger.
另一個(gè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是，這種如有神助的巨資循環(huán)遠(yuǎn)離了其他人群。對于一個(gè)改寫了許多行業(yè)規(guī)矩的團(tuán)體來說，這是一個(gè)特別的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
The empire of the geeks draws its strength from a culture of techno-evangelism that enables entrepreneurs to rethink old systems and embrace new ones. Many denizens of the Valley believe that tech is the solution to all ills and that government is just an annoyance that still lacks an algorithm. So far the public’s relationship with the tech titans has been mostly harmonious. Consumers enjoy their taxi-hailing apps, music streaming and voice-recognition software.
極客帝國從一種熱烈鼓吹科技的文化中汲取能量，這讓創(chuàng)業(yè)家們對老系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行重新思考，張開雙臂迎接新系統(tǒng)。硅谷谷民相信科技包治百病，政府是個(gè)還沒采用計(jì)算機(jī)算法的惹人嫌的存在。迄今為止公眾與科技大神們相處極為融洽。消費(fèi)者享用著打車應(yīng)用、音樂在線播放和語音識別軟件。
Yet cracking open established industries inevitably results in conflict. Uber is the firm most embroiled in controversy, whether facing licensed taxi-drivers on the streets or demands from its own drivers in the courts. European regulators are also scrutinising firms like Facebook and Google for everything from antitrust concerns to data protection. And American regulators are reportedly looking at whether Apple has abused its clout in the music business.
但是在成熟的行業(yè)中開辟新路勢必會造成沖突。Uber是處于在風(fēng)口浪尖上的公司，無論它面對的是街上持許可證的出租車司機(jī)，還是法庭上它自己的司機(jī)用戶。歐洲國家的監(jiān)管部門同樣在事無巨細(xì)地審批臉書、谷歌這樣的公司，從反壟斷到數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)。美國的監(jiān)管部門則在審查蘋果是否在濫用它在音樂商業(yè)中的影響力。
Critics are often from industries wanting to protect their privileges; the geeks’ aggressive behaviour is sometimes part of the creative destruction that leads to progress. But that is not the only source of anger. Silicon Valley also dominates markets, sucks out the value contained in personal data, and erects business models that make money partly by avoiding taxes. There is a risk that global consumers will feel exploited and that the effects of a shrinking tax base will infuriate voters. If the perception takes root that enormous profits from exploiting data and avoiding taxes are crystallised in the fortunes of a few people living on a patch of ground near San Francisco, then there will be a backlash.
批評的人往往來自想要保護(hù)自身利益的行當(dāng);有時(shí)極客們侵略性的行為是一種創(chuàng)造式的摧毀，最后會引向進(jìn)步。但人們的憤怒不僅來源于此。硅谷還霸占了市場，將個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)中的價(jià)值壓榨得一干二凈，創(chuàng)造出部分靠避稅盈利的商業(yè)模式。潛在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是，全球的消費(fèi)者感到被剝削利用，稅收的減少會激怒投票者。在舊金山住的這些人利用個(gè)人數(shù)據(jù)和逃稅為自己牟取了巨大的財(cái)富，這種看法一旦形成，會有民眾強(qiáng)烈反對他們的行為。
Mind the techlash
小心民眾的一致反對
The Valley’s firms are hardly the only ones to push against taxes and regulation. They are free to operate as they like within the law. But they risk becoming targets because they are so global. They should remember that the law can change. If they want a seat at the table when it does, they need to be part of the markets they sell into, not isolated from them. Even private firms run by geniuses need a licence from society to operate.
硅谷的公司不可能是唯一稅務(wù)和法規(guī)上打擦邊球的。他們在法律允許范疇之內(nèi)任意運(yùn)籌，但是可能會因?yàn)樗麄兊娜蛐远蔀榘凶印Ｋ麄儜?yīng)當(dāng)銘記，法律是可以改變的。如果他們想在法律改變之際有發(fā)言權(quán)，他們就必須成為他們市場的一部分，而不是與其隔絕。即使是天才運(yùn)營的私有公司還需要社會頒發(fā)一張?jiān)S可才能經(jīng)營呢。
At its best Silicon Valley is an expression of iconoclastic freedom and creativity. It would be a terrible shame if it became an unpopular and remote manifestation of elitism.
硅谷最多是反傳統(tǒng)的自由、創(chuàng)新的一種表達(dá)。如果它變成了一種不受歡迎、只能遠(yuǎn)觀的精英主義，才是令其顏面掃地的事。