用英語說中國的史前文化
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用英語說中國史前文化：The Hemudu Culture 河姆渡文化
The Hemudu culture (5000 BC to 4500 BC) was a Neolithic culture that flourished just south of the Hangzhou Bay in Jiangnan in modern Yuyao, Zhejiang, China.
河姆渡文化(公元前5000年——公元前4500年)興起于江南杭州灣的南部，也就是今天的中國浙江省余姚市。
The site at Hemudu was discovered in 1973.
河姆渡遺址與1973年被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
Hemudu sites were also discovered on the islands of Zhoushan.
河姆渡文化同樣在舟山群島被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
The Hemudu culture co-existed with the Majiabang culture as two separate and distinct cultures, with cultural transmissions between the two.
河姆渡文化與馬家浜文化以兩種分離且不同的文化共存并互相交流。
Two major floods caused the nearby Yaojiang River to change its course and inundated the soil with salt, forcing the people of Hemudu to abandon its settlements.
兩次大洪水使附近的姚江河改變了它的河道，土地被鹽淹沒，迫使河姆渡人民放棄他們的居住。
The Hemudu people lived in long, stilt houses.
河姆渡人住在又長又高的支柱支撐的房子里。
The Hemudu culture is one of the earliest cultures to cultivate rice.
河姆渡文化是最早種植水稻的文化之一。
Most of the artifacts discovered at Hemudu consist of animal bones, exemplified by hoes made of shoulder bones used for cultivating rice.
大多數(shù)在河姆渡被發(fā)現(xiàn)的手工藝品由骨頭組成，例如用于種植水稻的由肩骨制成的鋤頭。
The culture also produced lacquer wood.
這個(gè)文化同樣制造漆木。
The remains of various plants, including water caltrop, Nelumbo nucifera, acorns, beans, Gorgon euryale and brottle gourd, were found at Hemudu.
無數(shù)植物的遺跡，包括菱角、荷花、橡樹果實(shí)、豆子、芡實(shí)和葫蘆在河姆渡被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
The Hemudu people likeed domesticated pigs, water buffalo and dogs.
河姆渡人喜歡家養(yǎng)的豬、水牛和狗。
The people at Hemudu also fished and hunted, as evidence by the remains of bone harpoons and bows and arrowheads.
從骨叉、弓和箭頭的遺跡看來，河姆渡人也會(huì)捕魚和打獵。
Music instruments, such as bone whistles and wooden drums, were also found at Hemudu.
一些樂器例如骨哨和木鼓同樣在河姆渡被發(fā)現(xiàn).
The culture produced a thick, porous pottery.
這種文化制造了一種厚的、有孔能滲水的陶器。
The distinct pottery was typically black and made with charcoal powder.
這種獨(dú)特的陶器呈深黑色，由木炭粉制成。
Plant and geometric designs were commonly painted onto the pottery; the pottery was sometimes also cord-marked.
通常，植物和幾何的圖案會(huì)被繪制到陶器上。有些時(shí)候，陶器也會(huì)被繩索標(biāo)記。
The culture also produced carved jade ornaments, carved ivory artifacts and small, clay figurines.
河姆渡文化還制造了雕刻的玉飾、象牙工藝品和小的粘土雕像。
用英語說中國史前文化：Banpo Culture 半坡文化
Banpo Culture belongs to the Yangshao Culture of the Neolithic Age( about 10000 B.C. to 5 000 B.C. ),
半坡文化屬于新石器時(shí)代的仰韶文化(大約公元前10000年——公元前5000年)，
which originated in the middle valley of the Yellow River.
它發(fā)源于黃河的中部山谷。
As this culture was discovered in the vicinity of today’s Banpo Village, in Xi'an City in Shaanxi Province, it was named after this village.
因?yàn)檫@個(gè)文化在如今陜西省西安市的半坡村附近被發(fā)現(xiàn)，所以以這個(gè)村子的名稱命名。
However, thousands of years ago it was not so called.
然而多年以前，它并不叫這個(gè)名字。
Primitive Banpo villagers lived 6 800—6 300 years ago, and they came from two different tribes.
原始的半坡村民生活在大約6800到6300年前，來自兩個(gè)不同的部落。
In light of many kinds of farm implements and fishing tools excavated,
根據(jù)挖掘出的各種類型的農(nóng)耕工具和捕魚器具，
it is inferred that the Banpo people depended primarily on farming and fishing for survival.
可以發(fā)現(xiàn)半坡人主要依靠農(nóng)業(yè)和捕魚來生存。
At the same time, the Banpo people cultivated a colored Pottery Culture, one of the most representatives of Yangshao Culture.
同時(shí)，半坡人創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)彩陶文化，而彩陶文化正是仰韶文化最具有代表性的東西。
Their earthen wares were uniformly red in color and decorated with black pigment.
它們的陶器都是紅色且以黑色顏料作為裝飾。
The craftsmen had their potteries simply decorated, the most striking are the designs of fish that can be seen everywhere.
手工藝人們簡單裝飾他們的陶器，最引人注目的就是隨處可見的魚的圖案。
The fish was finished in symbolic pattern.
魚用象征符號(hào)所描繪。
It is concluded that fish should be the totem of ancient Banpo people.
由此可見，魚是古代半坡人的圖騰。
Here the masterpiece wares include: a tip-bottomed bottle, which is a water sucker under the principal of shifting gravity center (not really clear);
在這里，器皿中的杰作包括一個(gè)尖底瓶，它是一個(gè)吸水器，依據(jù)了重心改變(不一定如此)的原理;
and a painted basin with design of a human face holding fish at the corners of mouth.
還有一個(gè)著色的水盆，里面有一個(gè)人臉嘴角含魚的圖案。
Moreover, on certain similar parts of potteries are found twenty-two kinds of mysterious marks, which are estimated to be some primitive script.
不僅如此，在陶器的一些相似的地方發(fā)現(xiàn)了22中神秘的符號(hào)，這些符號(hào)被可能是某種遠(yuǎn)古的文字。
Meanwhile Banpo Culture witnessed the time of matriarchal clan society.
同時(shí)，半坡文化見證了母系氏族社會(huì)。
Women took a dominant position in everything and there were no permanent couples.
女性在任何事物中占主導(dǎo)地位，沒有固定的伴侶。
After death, adult women and men were buried separately in communal graveyard,
去世以后，成年女性和男性被分別葬在公用的墓地，
having potteries and beads of animal bones as burial objects.
以陶器和動(dòng)物骨頭的粉末為陪葬品。
Children, however, were not allowed be buried with adults.
孩子卻不被允許和成人葬在一起。
The mother would put the body of her child into pottery jar and bury it in a pit close to her house.
母親會(huì)把死去的孩子放在一個(gè)陶瓶里然后埋在家附近的井里。
This special burial jar practice reveals that child was still not counted as the member of primitive community.
這種特殊的瓶中埋葬方式說明孩子仍不算遠(yuǎn)古社會(huì)的一員。
More burial articles were found in girl's pit than in that of boys.
在埋葬女孩子的井里發(fā)現(xiàn)了比男孩子的井里更多的陪葬品。
用英語說中國史前文化：Longshan Culture 龍山文化
Longshan culture was a late Neolithic culture centered around the central and lower Yellow River in China.
龍山文化是一種以中國的黃河中游和下游為中心的新石器時(shí)代晚期文化。
The Longshan people lived on the plains of eastern China.
龍山人居住在中國東部的平原。
Their villages were similar to those of the Yangshao, but evidence of stamped earth fortresses is found in some sites.
他們的村落和仰韶文化非常相似，但是踏平的土堡的痕跡在一些遺址里也被發(fā)現(xiàn)。
The distinctive feature of Longshan culture was the high level of skill in pottery making,
龍山文化的特別之處在于制陶的高超技能，
including the use of pottery wheels.
包括對于拉柸機(jī)的使用。
Longshan pottery was noted for its highly polished black pottery.
龍山陶器因它高度拋光的黑陶而聞名。
Just because of its distinguished pottery, Longshan culture has been called the Black Pottery Culture.
正是因?yàn)樗c眾不同的陶藝，龍山文化被稱為黑陶文化。
Their domesticated animals were the pig, dog, sheep, and ox.
他們家養(yǎng)的動(dòng)物有豬、狗、綿羊和公牛。
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