英語國家概況英國的主要宗教團(tuán)體
英語國家概況英國的主要宗教團(tuán)體
在你對(duì)英國的了解中，你對(duì)于這個(gè)國家的宗教團(tuán)體是怎么認(rèn)為的呢?下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編帶來英語國家概況：英國的主要宗教團(tuán)體詳情， 希望對(duì)大家有幫助。
英語國家概況：英國的主要宗教團(tuán)體
Religion 宗教
1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religiousfreedom with out interference from thecommunity or the State. (He may believe in anychurch or none at all.) He may change his religion atwill may manifest his faith in teaching, worshipand observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, public offices are open withoutdistinction to members of all churches or none.
在英國，人人都有信仰宗教的權(quán)利，社會(huì)和政府不得干涉。他可以隨意改變宗教信仰，可以在布道，禮拜和儀式中表明他的信仰。除了大法官不可以是羅馬天主教徒外，公共職務(wù)對(duì)各種信仰或沒有信仰的人一律公開。
2. Established churches國教
There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotlandthe (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
英國有兩大國教，在英格蘭是英格蘭國教，蘇格蘭是蘇格蘭教會(huì)(長(zhǎng)老教)。
3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a memberof that Church and as "Defender of the Faith". The Church is also linked with the State throughthe House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laiddown in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.
英格蘭國教與君主有獨(dú)特的聯(lián)系。因?yàn)榫髯鳛?ldquo;國教的捍衛(wèi)者”必須是此教會(huì)的一員，他在登基時(shí)必須承諾維持國教。國教還通過上議院與國家聯(lián)系起來。沒有議會(huì)同意，英格蘭教會(huì)不可隨意改變“國教祈禱書”中規(guī)定的禮拜儀式。
4. The government of the Church of Scotland is Presbyterian, that is, government by ministersand elders, all of whom are ordained to office. The Monarch is normally represented at thegeneral assembly by the Lord High Commissioner.
蘇格蘭教的管理時(shí)長(zhǎng)老制，也就是由教士和長(zhǎng)老治理。他們被授予圣職，王室高級(jí)代表通常代表君主光臨會(huì)議。
5. Unestablished churches非國教教會(huì)
There are include: the Anglican Churches(圣公會(huì))，the Free Churches(自由教會(huì));(the largest ofthe Free Churches —the Methodist Church 最大的自由教會(huì)—衛(wèi)
理公會(huì))，the Roman Catholic Church(羅馬天主教)。
英語國家概況:英國的政府體制
I.General knowledge
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen. The UnitedKingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereignby His or Her Majesty's Government. The System ofparliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.
聯(lián)合王國是君主立憲制國家,國家的首腦是國王或女王。聯(lián)合王國以君的名義,由國王或女王陛下政府治理。英國的議會(huì)制度并不是基于成文憲
法,英國憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成,而由成文法,習(xí)慣法和慣例組成。司法部門裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。
Constitutional monarchy 君主立憲制
The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英國的君主體制是以君主立憲聞名的。君主政體實(shí)際已無實(shí)權(quán)。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會(huì)。君主立憲制是從1688年的光榮革命后開始。
II.The Monarchy君主制
1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God ofthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms andTerritories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的上帝之恩典，女王，英聯(lián)邦元首，共同信仰的保護(hù)者。”
2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, anintegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all thearmed forces and the "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent toBills passed by parliament.
女王是國家的象征。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的組成部分，司法首腦，全國武裝部隊(duì)總司令，英國國教“至高無上”的領(lǐng)袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官員。對(duì)議會(huì)通過的法案給予御準(zhǔn)。
III.Parliament 議會(huì)
1. The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal,state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons.
英國是中央集權(quán)國家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國家。議會(huì)由君主，上議院和下議院組成。
2. The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to passlaws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, themeans of carrying on the work of government; (3) toexamine government Policy and administrations,including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.
議會(huì)的主要作用是：(1)通過立法;(2)投票批準(zhǔn)稅為政府工作提供資金;(3)檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議;(4)當(dāng)天的議題辯論。
The House of Lords 上院
The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The LordsSpiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church ofEngland. The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers of Ireland);2)life peers created toassist the House in its judicial duties;3)all other life peers. The main function of the House ofLords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.上院由神職人員和世俗議員組成。神職包括坎特伯雷和約克大主教及24名高級(jí)主教。世俗議員包括1)所有英，蘇，大不列顛及聯(lián)合王國的世襲貴族，女貴族(但不包括愛爾蘭);2)協(xié)助議院司法工作的終身貴族;3)其他終身貴族。上院的主要作用就是集中議員集體經(jīng)驗(yàn)智慧制定法律。
The House of Commons 下院
The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members ofParliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-makingresides.下
院議員由成人普選產(chǎn)生，共有651名議員。最高立法權(quán)掌握在下院手中。
1) Parliamentary Electoral System議會(huì)選舉制
A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.British citizens, together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the IrishRepublic resident in Britain, may vote provided they are 1) aged 18 or over,2)included in theannual register of electors for the constituency, and 3)not subject to any disqualification. Acandidate must deposit 500 pound.大選每5年一次，且經(jīng)常不足5年就舉行。英國公民包括其他英聯(lián)邦國家公民和愛爾蘭共和國在英國的居民都有選舉權(quán)。選舉條件1)18或18以上，2)選區(qū)全體選民的每年選民登記冊(cè)上登記注冊(cè)者3)有資格參選者。候選人必須交納500英鎊保證金。
2)The Political Party System政黨體制
Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.
自1945年以來，一直由保守黨或工黨輪流執(zhí)政。
英語國家概況:英國的教育體制
The education system in Britain
1. primary education 初等教育，小學(xué)教育
Primary education is compulsory(義務(wù)教育) in Britain.It begins at five in Great Britain and four in NorthernIreland. All children have to attend primary schooland they finish their primary education at the age of11. In addition to the many state primaryschools(公立小學(xué)) which do not ask their pupils to payfees, there are also some fee-paying independentprimary schools (收費(fèi)的私立小學(xué)). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are thepreparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.
初等教育在英國是義務(wù)教育，大不列顛是從5歲開始，北愛爾蘭是4歲。所有的孩子必須參加初等教育，并在11歲完成。除了許多國家公立小學(xué)不向?qū)W生收費(fèi)外，也有一些收費(fèi)的私立小學(xué)。預(yù)備學(xué)校學(xué)生的年齡通常為7歲以上到11 12 13歲。
2. secondary education 中等教育，中學(xué)教育
Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondaryeducation after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary schoolage-range(中學(xué)生的年齡段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary schoolpopulation in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools.Secondary schools includecomprehensive schools (綜合中學(xué)), secondary modern schools (現(xiàn)代中學(xué)) and grammarschools(文法學(xué)校). They are state schools(公立學(xué)校)。
中等教育在英國也是必須的，所有孩子必須在11歲完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中學(xué)生的年齡段從11-18。大不列顛90%左右的國屬中等學(xué)校學(xué)生就讀于綜合中學(xué)。
3. higher education 高等教育，大學(xué)教育
There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford andCambridge. There is also the Open University which is “open” to all to become students, mainlyadult students.
包括開放大學(xué)在內(nèi)，英國共有90所大學(xué)。最著名的是牛津和劍橋。還有開放大學(xué)，即向所有未來的學(xué)生和成人開放。
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