英語國(guó)家概況:英國(guó)的形成歷史

　　英國(guó)，全稱大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)，本土位于歐洲大陸西北面的不列顛群島，被北海、英吉利海峽、凱爾特海、愛爾蘭海和大西洋包圍。下面是學(xué)習(xí)啦小編整理的英語國(guó)家概況:英國(guó)的形成歷史，歡迎大家閱讀!

　　The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)

　　英國(guó)的形成(公元1066-1381)

　　I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)

　　諾曼統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1381)

　　1. William's Rule (1066-1087)

　　威廉一世的統(tǒng)治(公元1066-1087)

　　England's feudalism under the rule of William theConqueror

　　在威廉統(tǒng)治下的英國(guó)封建制度

　　①Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established.

　?、贏ccording to this system, the King owned all the land personally.

　?、踂illiam gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military serviceand a proportion of the land's produce.

　?、躎hese estates were scattered far and wide over the country, so that those who held themcould not easily combine to rebel the king.

　?、軹he barons, who had become William's tenants-in-chief, parceled out land to the lessernobles, knights and freemen, also in return for goods and services.

　?、轆t the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs.

　?、逴ne peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take theoath of allegiance，not only to their immediate lord, but also to the king.

　?、僭谕y(tǒng)治下，英國(guó)的封建制度得到完全確立。

　?、诟鶕?jù)此制度，國(guó)王擁有全國(guó)所有土地。

　?、弁延?guó)的大片土地分給貴族，條件是換取對(duì)方服役和物品。

　?、苓@些地產(chǎn)分散于各處，相距遙遠(yuǎn)，這樣土地?fù)碛姓呔筒灰茁?lián)合起來反叛國(guó)王。

　?、菀殉蔀閲?guó)王總佃戶的貴族又把土地分配給小貴族、騎士和自由民，同樣換取貨物和服役。

　　⑥處于封建等級(jí)最底層的是農(nóng)奴。

　　⑦英國(guó)封建制獨(dú)有的特色就是，無論是土地承租人還是二佃戶，都必須要宣誓效忠于直接地主，而且要效忠于國(guó)王。

　　II.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter

　　《大憲章》的內(nèi)容及意義

　　Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons. It consists ofsixty-three clauses. Its important provisions are as follows:

　　(1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council;

　　(2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property;

　　(3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections;

　　(4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and

　　(5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country. (significance)Although The Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the

　?、賔oundation of English liberties, it was a ②statement of the feudal and legal relationshipsbetween the Crown and the barons, ③a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a④limitation of the powers of the king. The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation ofthe powers of the king, keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.

　　《大憲章》是約翰國(guó)王1215年在封建貴族壓力下簽定的?！洞髴椪隆房偣?3條，其中最重要的內(nèi)容是：

　　(1) 未經(jīng)大議會(huì)同意，不得征稅;

　　(2) 只有根據(jù)國(guó)家有關(guān)法律才能逮捕、監(jiān)禁自由人以及剝奪他們的財(cái)產(chǎn);

　　(3)教會(huì)應(yīng)享受其所有權(quán)利且有選舉自由;

　　(4) 倫敦和其它城鎮(zhèn)應(yīng)保留其貴族的傳統(tǒng)權(quán)力和特權(quán);

　　(5) 全國(guó)要統(tǒng)一度量衡。盡管人們普遍認(rèn)為《大憲章》為英國(guó)的自由奠定了基礎(chǔ)，但該憲章只是規(guī)定國(guó)王和貴族之間封建關(guān)系和法律關(guān)系的聲明書，保證了教會(huì)的自由，限制了國(guó)王權(quán)利。《大憲章》的精神實(shí)質(zhì)就是把國(guó)王的權(quán)利限制在英國(guó)封建法律允許的范圍之內(nèi)。

　　III.The origins of the English Parliament

　　英國(guó)議會(huì)的起源

　　The Great Council is known to be the prototype (原型) of the current British Parliament. In1265, Simon de Montfort summoned (召集)the Great Council, together with two knights fromeach county and two citizens from each town. It later developed into the House of Lords and theHouse of Commons. Its main role was to offer advice，not to make decisions. There were noelections or parties. And the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords.

　　大議會(huì)是當(dāng)今英國(guó)議會(huì)的原型。1265年，西門德孟福爾召開大議會(huì)，各縣有兩名騎士，各鎮(zhèn)有兩名市民參加。大議會(huì)發(fā)展到后來演變成議會(huì)，分為上議院和下議院。其作用是咨詢而非決定;也沒有選舉和政黨。議會(huì)的最重要的部分是上議院。

　　IV.The Hundred Years' War and its consequences.

　　百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)及其結(jié)果

　　The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lastedintermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partlyeconomic.

　　①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the largeduchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted thislarge slice.

　?、赥he economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which werethe importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides,England's desire to

　?、踫top France from giving aid to Scots and

　　④a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.

　　The English's being driven out of France is ①regarded as a blessing for both countries. If theEnglish had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ②hinderedthe development of a separate English national identity, ③while France was hindered so longas a foreign power occupied so much French territory.

　　百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)指1337年到1453年英法之間一場(chǎng)斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的起因既有領(lǐng)土因素又有經(jīng)濟(jì)因素。領(lǐng)土起因尤其是英國(guó)國(guó)王占領(lǐng)了法國(guó)的阿基坦大片公爵領(lǐng)地，這是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的根源，隨著法國(guó)國(guó)王勢(shì)力日增，他們渴望占領(lǐng)這片土地。經(jīng)濟(jì)原因則與弗蘭德斯城有關(guān)。弗蘭德斯地區(qū)生產(chǎn)棉布的城鎮(zhèn)是英國(guó)羊毛的主要進(jìn)口商，但這些城鎮(zhèn)在政治上卻效忠法國(guó)國(guó)王。其他原因還有英國(guó)試圖阻止法國(guó)對(duì)蘇格蘭人的援助，并且壓制不斷增強(qiáng)的民族意識(shí)。

　　戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的結(jié)果：

　　把英國(guó)人趕出法國(guó)對(duì)兩個(gè)國(guó)家都是幸事：若英國(guó)人繼續(xù)留在法國(guó)，那么法國(guó)人在領(lǐng)土和財(cái)富上所占的優(yōu)勢(shì)必然會(huì)阻礙獨(dú)立的英國(guó)的發(fā)展;而在英國(guó)占領(lǐng)大量法國(guó)領(lǐng)土的情況下，法國(guó)也很難統(tǒng)一。

　　Three stages of the war 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的三個(gè)階段

　　In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they weredriven out of Fance.戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)初期，英國(guó)取得輝煌勝利。但是最終被逐出法國(guó)

　　The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之戰(zhàn)

　　It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English kingHenry Ⅴwas recognized as the French King.1415年英國(guó)大獲全勝，亨利5世登上法國(guó)王位。

　　Joan of Arc (1412-1431)貞德女士

　　Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French indriving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’War. 貞德是法國(guó)歷史上的女英雄，她領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和鼓舞法國(guó)人民將英國(guó)軍隊(duì)驅(qū)逐處境。

　　Consequences of the war 戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的后果影響

　?、賂he English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessingfor both countries.

　　②It helped English national identity as well as French national identity.

　?、跿wo separate nation were born after the war.

　　V. The Black Death

　　黑死病

　　The Black Death is the modern name given to the deadly bubonic plague,an epidemic diseasespread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century. It swept through England in the summerof 1348. It reduced England's population from four million to two million by the end of the14th century.

　　The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching. As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of labour. The survivingpeasants had better bargaining power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paidlabour. Some landlords, unable or unwilling to pay higher wages, tried to force peasants backinto serfdom. In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime forpeasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down bythe Justices of the Peace.

　　黑死病是指由鼠疫蚤傳播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫，是一種流行疾病，在14世紀(jì)傳播了到歐洲。1348年夏天橫掃全英國(guó)。英國(guó)的人口在14世紀(jì)末從400萬銳減至200萬。

　　黑死病對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成的后果更為深遠(yuǎn)。鼠疫導(dǎo)致了大片土地?zé)o人照管和勞動(dòng)力極度匱乏。地主想把耕地變?yōu)槿肆π枨筝^少的牧場(chǎng)。存活的農(nóng)民處于有利的討價(jià)還價(jià)地位，從農(nóng)奴變?yōu)楣蛡騽趧?dòng)力。于是一些支付不起或不愿意支付較高工資的地主想方設(shè)法迫使農(nóng)民重返農(nóng)奴地位。1351年政府頒布“勞工法令”，規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求，或者是雇主支付比地方官制訂的工資水平要高的工資都是犯罪。