優(yōu)秀的英語文摘
優(yōu)秀的英語文摘
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為何腰果不帶殼銷售?
Why Cashews Aren’t Sold In The Shell
為何腰果不帶殼銷售
Part of the fun of eating almonds or pecans is cracking the shell and getting the nut. But, some nuts, like cashews, are almost always sold shelled and roasted. Why aren’t cashews sold in the shell?
吃杏仁和胡桃的部分樂趣來源于敲碎外殼后得到果仁。然而，有些堅(jiān)果，比如腰果，通常會(huì)去殼烤熟銷售。為什么腰果會(huì)不帶殼銷售呢?
Cashews are in the same family as poison ivy and poison sumac. Like the others in this family, the cashew plant contains powerful chemical irritants, so handling and eating raw cashews will cause the familiar itchy skin reaction in people sensitive to the chemicals. People who are sensitive to one plant in the family, for example poison ivy, are likely to be sensitive to others.
腰果和毒葛與毒漆樹同屬一科。與同科其它植物相似，腰果樹含有強(qiáng)烈刺激性化學(xué)物質(zhì)，所以處理和吃掉生腰果，會(huì)使那些對(duì)化學(xué)物質(zhì)敏感的人皮膚產(chǎn)生瘙癢反應(yīng)。對(duì)某一科某種植物過敏的人，比如對(duì)毒葛過敏，很有可能會(huì)對(duì)同科的其它植物也過敏。
Why don’t we get a reaction when we eat cashew nuts, then? The irritants are found in the shell oil, but not in the nuts themselves. Handling the shell or eating a nut with shell oil on it can cause the reaction.
那當(dāng)我們吃腰果時(shí)為什么沒有反應(yīng)呢?那是因?yàn)榇碳の镔|(zhì)存在于外殼油脂中，而果仁中卻不含有。所以處理外殼或者吃帶有外殼油脂的腰果時(shí)，就會(huì)引起(瘙癢)反應(yīng)。
This is why they’re sold shelled, but why are they roasted? Roasting at high temperature destroys the shell oil, so commercially sold nuts will not trigger a reaction. But, cashew nuts that are still in the shell or that are shelled and roasted at home at lower temperatures may be contaminated with the oil, so, shelling raw cashews is about as much fun as handling poison ivy.
這就是為什么腰果不帶殼售賣的原因，但是又為什么要烤熟呢?因?yàn)楦邷睾婵究梢云茐墓麣び椭?，所以商業(yè)銷售的腰果仁不會(huì)造成反應(yīng)。帶殼的或者在家中去殼并低溫烘烤后的腰果可能仍會(huì)受到果殼油脂的污染，所以給生腰果去殼和處理毒葛一樣有趣。
果蠅喜歡酒精
Fruit Flies Love Alcohol!
果蠅喜歡酒精!
When human females are pregnant, they’re advised to stay away from alcohol, for fear of harming the fetus. And most parents refrain from giving their infants bottles full of whiskey or beer, for obvious reasons.
當(dāng)人類女性懷孕時(shí)，人們就會(huì)建議她們戒酒，以免傷害胎兒。大多數(shù)父母都不會(huì)給嬰兒接觸滿瓶的威士忌或者啤酒，原因是顯而易見的。
But if you’re a fruit fly, literally dousing your offspring in alcohol is apparently one of the best ways to protect them from danger, particularly from certain types of wasps.
但如果你是一只果蠅，毫不夸張的說，你把后代浸沒在酒精中是保護(hù)它們遠(yuǎn)離危險(xiǎn)的最好辦法之一，特別是這樣能避免黃蜂的傷害。
How and why?
如何以及為什么要這樣做?
Let’s back up a bit. First, certain types of wasps prey on fruit flies by injecting eggs inside fruit fly larvae. Unless an infected larva kills the wasp egg, it hatches and the wasp larva eats its way out from inside the fruit fly larva, killing it.
讓我們來回顧一下。首先，特定類型的黃蜂會(huì)將卵注入果蠅幼蟲中，以捕食果蠅。除非受感染的果蠅幼蟲殺死黃蜂卵，否則當(dāng)黃蜂卵孵化出來后，黃蜂幼蟲將會(huì)由內(nèi)而外吞噬果蠅幼蟲，將其殺死。
One way for fruit fly moms to protect against this gruesome fate is to lay their eggs in an alcohol soaked environment, such as fermenting fruit, when they see that parasitic wasps are around. Although alcohol is toxic to fruit flies, it’s even more toxic to wasps, which, unlike fruit flies, have not evolved a high level of alcohol tolerance. So if the larvae eat enough alcohol rich food, it can kill the wasp egg and keep it from hatching.
果蠅媽媽為防止幼蟲遭受厄運(yùn)的其中一種辦法是，當(dāng)看到寄生蜂的出現(xiàn)時(shí)，將卵產(chǎn)在酒精浸泡的環(huán)境之中，例如發(fā)酵的水果里。盡管酒精對(duì)果蠅有毒，但酒精對(duì)黃蜂的毒性更大。與果蠅不同，黃蜂還沒有進(jìn)化成對(duì)高濃度酒精的耐受性。所以如果果蠅幼蟲吃了足夠富含酒精的食物后，它就可以殺死黃蜂卵并使之不能孵化。
Protecting young
保護(hù)果蠅幼蟲
Apparently, fruit flies are not the only fly species to use alcohol to protect their young. In fact, it seems that most flies that eat rotting fruit use the alcohol defense against wasps. So fruit flies are not unique in this regard, but they’re still mighty impressive.
很明顯，果蠅并不是利用酒精來保護(hù)幼蟲的唯一的蠅類。實(shí)際上，大部分的蒼蠅都會(huì)食用腐爛水果，利用酒精來防御黃蜂。所以果蠅在這方面并不獨(dú)特，但它們?nèi)匀涣钊擞∠笊羁獭?/p>
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