培根散文隨筆美文：Of Truth論真理

培根散文隨筆集中英對(duì)照，通過(guò)閱讀文學(xué)名著學(xué)語(yǔ)言，是掌握英語(yǔ)的絕佳方法。既可接觸原汁原味的英語(yǔ)，又能享受文學(xué)之美，一舉兩得，何樂(lè)不為?

　　1 Of Truth 論真理

　　What is truth; said jesting Pilate; and would not stay for an answer. Certainly there be, that delight in giddiness; and count it a bondage, to fix a belief, affecting free-will in thinking, as well as in acting. And though the sects of philosophers of that kind be gone, yet there remain certain discoursing wits, which are of the same veins, though there be not so much blood in them, as was in those of the ancients.

　　善戲謔的彼拉多曾說(shuō)：“真理是什么呢?”說(shuō)了之后并且不肯等候回答。世上盡有一般人喜歡把意見(jiàn)變來(lái)變?nèi)?，并且認(rèn)為固定了一種信仰即等于上了一套枷鎖;在思想上和在行為上他們都一樣地要求意志底自由。并且雖然這一流的各派哲學(xué)家已成過(guò)去，然而仍有些心志游移的說(shuō)者和他們同聲同氣，——雖然這般人比起古人來(lái)血?dú)獗∪跻稽c(diǎn)。

　　But it is not only the difficulty, and labour, which men take in finding out of truth; nor again, mat when it is found, it imposeth upon men s thoughts; that doth bring lies in favour: but a natural, though corrupt love, of the lie itself. One of the later school of me Grecians, examineth the matter, and is at a stand, to think what should be in it, mat men should love lies; where neither they make for pleasure, as with poets; nor for advantage, as with me merchant; but for the lie\'s sake. But I cannot tell: this same truth, is a naked, and open day light, mat doth not show, the masques, and mummeries, and triumphs of the world, half so stately, and daintily, as candlelights. Truth may perhaps come to the price of a pearl, that showeth best by day: but it will not rise, to me price of a diamond, or carbuncle, that showeth best in varied lights. A mixture of a lie doth ever add pleasure. Doth any man doubt, mat if there were taken out of men s minds, vain opinions, nattering hopes, false valuations, imaginations as one would, and the like; but it would leave the minds, of a number of men, poor shrunken things; full of melancholy, and indisposition, and unpleasing to themselves? One of the fathers, in great severity, called poesy, vinum daenwnwn; because it filleth the imagination, and yet it is, but with me shadow of a lie. But it is not me lie, that passeth through the mind, but me lie mat sinketh in, and settleth in it, that doth me hurt, such as we spake of before. But howsoever these things arc thus, in men\'s depraved judgements, and affections, yet truth, which only doth judge itself, teacheth, that the inquiry of truth, which is the love-making, or wooing of it; the knowledge of truth, which is the presence of it; and the belief of truth, which is the enjoying of it; is the sovereign good of human nature.

　　但是使人們好偽說(shuō)的原因，不僅是人們找尋真理時(shí)的艱難困苦，亦不是找尋著了真理之后真理所加于人們底思想的約束，而是一種天生的，雖然是惡劣的，對(duì)于偽說(shuō)本身的愛(ài)好。希臘晚期哲學(xué)學(xué)派中有人曾研究過(guò)這個(gè)問(wèn)題，他不懂得偽說(shuō)之中有什么東西竟會(huì)使人們?yōu)閭握f(shuō)底本身而愛(ài)它，因?yàn)閭握f(shuō)既不能如詩(shī)人之所為，引人入勝;亦不能如商人之所為，導(dǎo)人得利。我亦不懂得這是什么緣故：可是“真理”這件東西可說(shuō)是一種無(wú)隱無(wú)飾的白晝之光，世間的那些歌劇、扮演、慶典在這種光之下所顯露的，遠(yuǎn)不如燈燭之光所顯露的莊嚴(yán)美麗。真理在世人眼中其價(jià)值也許等于一顆珍珠，在日光之下看起來(lái)最好;但是它決夠不上那在各種不同的光線下顯得最美的鉆石和紅玉底價(jià)值。攙上一點(diǎn)偽說(shuō)的道理總是給人添樂(lè)趣的。要是從人們底心中取去了虛妄的自是，自諛的希望，錯(cuò)誤的評(píng)價(jià)，武斷的想象，就會(huì)使許多人底心變成一種可憐的、縮小的東西，充滿憂郁和疾病，自己看起來(lái)也討厭。對(duì)于這一點(diǎn)會(huì)有人懷疑么?早期的耶教著作家中有一位曾經(jīng)很?chē)?yán)厲地把詩(shī)叫做“魔鬼底酒”，因?yàn)樵?shī)能占據(jù)人底想象，然而詩(shī)不過(guò)是偽說(shuō)底影子罷了。害人的不是那從心中經(jīng)過(guò)的偽說(shuō)，而是那沉入心中，盤(pán)據(jù)心中的偽說(shuō)，如前所言者是也。然而這些事情，無(wú)論其在人們墮落的判斷力及好尚中是如何，真理(它是只受本身底評(píng)判的)卻教給我們說(shuō)研究真理(就是向它求愛(ài)求婚)，認(rèn)識(shí)真理(就是與之同處)，和相信真理(就是享受它)乃是人性中最高的美德。

　　The first creature of God, in the works of the days, was the light of the sense;the last, was the light of reason; and his Sabbath work, ever since, is the illumination of his spirit First he breathed light, upon the face, of the matter or chaos; then he breathed light, into the face of man; and still he breatheth and inspireth light, into the face of his chosen. The poet, that beautified the sect, that was otherwise inferior to the rest, saith yet excellently well: \'It is a pleasure to stand upon the shore, and to see ships tossed upon the sea: a pleasure to stand in the window of a castle, and to see a battle, and the adventures thereof, below: but no pleasure is comparable, to the standing, upon the vantage ground of truth:\' (a hill not to be commanded, and where the air is always clear and serene;) \'and to see the errors, and wanderings, and mists, and tempests, in the vale below:\' so always, that this prospect, be with pity, and not with swelling, or pride. Certainly, it is heaven upon earth, to have a man\'s mind move in charity, rest in providence, and turn upon the poles of truth. To pass from theological, and philosophical truth, to the truth of civil business; it will be acknowledged, even by those mat practise it not, that clear and round dealing is the honour of man\'s nature;and that mixture of falsehood, is like allay in coin of gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it For these winding and crooked courses, are the goings of the serpent; which goeth basely upon the belly, and not upon the feet There is no vice, that doth so cover a man with shame, as to be found false, and perfidious. And therefore Mountaigny saith prettily, when he enquired the reason, why the word of the lie should be such a disgrace, and such an odious charge? saith he, \'If it be well weighed, to lay that a man lieth, is as much to say, as mat he is brave towards God, and a coward towards men.\' For a lie faces God, and shrinks from man. Surely the wickedness of falsehoods, and breach of faith, cannot possibly be so highly expressed, as in mat it shall be the last peal, to call the judgements of God upon the generations of men, it being foretold, that when Christ cometh. He shall not find faith upon the earth.

　　當(dāng)上帝創(chuàng)造宇宙的那幾日中，他所創(chuàng)造的頭一件東西就是感官底光明;他所創(chuàng)造的末一件東西就是理智底光明;從那以后直到如今在他工作完畢而休息的期間內(nèi)，他底作為全是以他底圣靈昭示世人。最初他在物或渾沌底面上吹吐光明;然后他由人底面目中吹入光明;到如今他還在往他的選民面目之中吐射光明。有一派哲學(xué)在別的方面都不如他派，可是有一位詩(shī)人為這派哲學(xué)增光不少。這位詩(shī)人曾說(shuō)：“站在岸上看船舶在海上簸蕩是一件樂(lè)事;站在一座堡壘底窗前看下面的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和它底種種經(jīng)過(guò)最一件樂(lè)事;但是沒(méi)有一件樂(lè)事能與站在真理底高峰(一座高出一切的山陵，在那里的空氣永遠(yuǎn)是澄清而寧?kù)o的)目睹下面谷中的錯(cuò)誤、漂泊、迷霧和風(fēng)雨相比擬的”;只要看的人對(duì)這種光景永存惻隱而不要自滿，那末以上的話可算是說(shuō)得好極了。當(dāng)然，一個(gè)人底心若能以仁愛(ài)為動(dòng)機(jī)，以天意為歸宿，并且以真理為地軸而動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)，那這人的生活可真是地上的天堂了

　　從教義中的真理和哲學(xué)中的真理再說(shuō)到世事上的真理。即使那些行為并不坦白正直的人也會(huì)承認(rèn)坦白正直地待人是人性底光榮，而真假相混則有如金銀幣中雜以合金一樣，也許可以使那金銀用起來(lái)方便一點(diǎn)，但是把它們底品質(zhì)卻弄賤了。因?yàn)檫@些曲曲折折的行為可說(shuō)是蛇走路的方法，蛇是不用腳而是很卑賤地用肚子走路的。沒(méi)有一件惡德能和被人發(fā)現(xiàn)是虛偽欺詐一般使人蒙羞的。所以蒙泰涅在他研究為什么說(shuō)人說(shuō)謊算是這樣的一種羞辱，一種可恨之極的罪責(zé)的時(shí)候，說(shuō)得極好。他說(shuō)：“仔細(xì)考慮起來(lái)，要是說(shuō)某人說(shuō)謊就等于說(shuō)他對(duì)上帝很大膽，對(duì)世人很怯懦”。因?yàn)橹e言是直對(duì)著上帝而躲避著世人的。曾經(jīng)有個(gè)預(yù)言，說(shuō)基督重臨的時(shí)候，他將在地上找不到信實(shí);所以謊言可說(shuō)是請(qǐng)上帝來(lái)裁判人類全體的最后的鐘聲。對(duì)于虛假和背信底罪惡再不能比這個(gè)說(shuō)法揭露得更高明了。