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　　魚兒喝水么?

　　Do Fish Drink?

　　魚兒喝水嗎?

　　Fish do drink water, but how they consume it depends on where they live. Water gets into a fish’s body through osmosis, the process in which water diffuses from a higher to a lower concentration.

　　魚兒確實喝水，但它們怎樣喝水卻取決于其生存的環(huán)境。水通過滲透作用進入魚兒的身體，在這一過程中，水從高濃度的地方擴散至低濃度的地方。

　　For example, if there is more water outside of a cell than inside, water will try to flow into the cell until there is the same concentration of water on either side of the cell’s membrane. The body of a fish acts the same way, either absorbing or losing water depending on its surroundings.

　　比方說，如果細胞外的水多于細胞內(nèi)，水就會流入細胞內(nèi)，直到細胞膜內(nèi)外的濃度相同。魚兒的身體與細胞一樣，吸水還是失水取決于它生存的環(huán)境。

　　Whether a fish absorbs or loses water is based on the fact that all fish must maintain a certain amount of salt in their bodies to stay healthy. Fish that live in fresh water have a higher concentration of salt in their bodies than the surrounding water.

　　不管魚兒吸水還是失水，事實上，所有的魚要想保持健康其體內(nèi)就必須維持一定量的鹽分。淡水魚體內(nèi)鹽的濃度要高于周圍的水。

　　Consequently, water continuously flows into the fish’s body to attempt to dilute the amount of salt in the fish until it is equal to the amount of salt in the surrounding water. Since fish cannot allow their salt content to be diminished, their kidneys work overtime to expel excess water in the form of urine.

　　因此，水就不斷地進入魚兒的體內(nèi)以稀釋鹽份，直到魚兒體內(nèi)與外界的鹽的濃度持平。因為魚兒自身無法減少體內(nèi)的鹽分，所以他們的腎就要不斷工作以將多余的水以尿液的形式排出體外。

　　Ocean fish have the opposite problem. Surrounded by salt water, their bodies contain a relatively lower concentration of salt than the ocean water. In this case, osmosis causes the fish to constantly lose water in order to equalize salt concentration inside and outside the fish.

　　海魚的問題則恰恰相反。由于被鹽水包圍，他們體內(nèi)鹽的濃度與海水相比相對較低。在這種情況下，滲透作用使得魚兒不停地失水以平衡體內(nèi)外鹽的濃度。

　　To partially compensate for the water loss, ocean fish actually drink water through their mouths. To get rid of the excess salt they take in by drinking seawater, they excrete some salt through cells in their gills.

　　為了補償失去的部分水分，海水魚通常要用嘴喝水。而為了去除喝海水帶來的多余鹽分，它們會通過腮里的細胞排出一些鹽分。

　　生病的時候為何要多喝水?

　　Why Do You Become Dehydrated When Sick?

　　生病的時候為何會脫水?

　　When you have a cold or flu, the doctor (or Dr. Mom) may tell you to drink lots of fluids. But did they ever explain why you need to guzzle all that water and juice? The extra fluid helps prevent dehydration, which can make you feel even worse, and make it harder to get well. If you have a runny nose, a feverish sweat, or vomiting and diarrhea, it may seem obvious why you’d need to drink more to replace those lost fluids. But these aren’t the only reasons the body needs extra fluid when you’re sick.

　　當你不幸患了感冒或流感時，醫(yī)生(或者媽媽)可能會叮囑你要多喝液體，但他們是否曾解釋過為什么你要狂喝水和飲料?額外的液體可以避免脫水，一旦脫水你會感覺更糟，也更難康復。如果你出現(xiàn)流鼻涕、發(fā)燒出汗、或者嘔吐腹瀉等癥狀，顯然你需要多喝液體以彌補身體失去的水分。但這些并非你生病時身體需要多補水的全部原因。

　　Increasing Metabolism

　　加快新陳代謝

　　If you have a fever, that increase in body temperature increases your metabolism–in other words, all the biochemical reactions that keep you alive speed up. A fever of 101 degrees Fahrenheit increases your body’s metabolic rate by about 10%. What difference does that make?

　　若你發(fā)燒，體溫的升高將加快你的新陳代謝，換句話說，所有維持生命的生化反應將加速。101華氏度的高燒將使身體的代謝速率增加百分之十。這又有什么分別呢?

　　Two key ingredients of metabolic reactions are water and oxygen. Increased metabolism uses more water and also makes you breathe faster, to supply the extra oxygen. And guess what? As you breathe faster, you breathe out more moisture, along with more carbon dioxide.

　　新陳代謝作用的兩大主要成分是水和氧。新陳代謝加快需要更多的水，也使你呼吸加快以補充足夠的氧。你猜接下來會怎么著?當你呼吸加快，你也將呼出更多的濕氣和二氧化碳。

　　Dehydration

　　脫水

　　Even if you don’t have symptoms that cause obvious water loss–like a runny nose, sweating, vomiting or diarrhea–a cold or flu can dehydrate you in hidden ways. Just a slight rise in body temperature requires more water for metabolic reactions and breathing.

　　即便你沒有會引起明顯失水的癥狀，如流鼻涕、出汗、嘔吐和腹瀉等，感冒或流感卻以隱蔽的方式導致你脫水。哪怕是體溫一丁點的升高都需要更多的水以維持加快的新陳代謝作用和呼吸。

　　On top of all that, when you’re sick you just might not feel like eating or drinking as much as usual. That’s why Mom keeps reminding you to drink your fluids!

　　除此之外，你生病時食欲可能不如平常，這也是媽媽一直提醒你喝水的原因!

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